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. 2020 Jun 6;10(6):874. doi: 10.3390/biom10060874

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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General pathways for the biosynthesis of phenolic acids by the engineered microorganisms. Solid arrows indicate the direct conversion, and the dotted arrows indicate the conversion through two or more reactions. Black arrows show phenolic acid production from glucose while blue arrows indicate their production from precursors. Abbreviations: aroZ, dehydroshikimate dehydratase; C3H, 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; C4H, trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; COMT5, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase; CYP199A2, cytochrome p450 CYP199A2; 3,5-DHS, 3,5-dehydroshikimate; 3-DHS, 3-dehydroshikimate; E4P, erythrose-4-phosphate; Ech, enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase/aldolase; EntA, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenase; EntB, isochorismatase; EntC, isochorismate synthase; Fcs, feruloyl-CoA synthase; HpaB and HpaC, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase oxygenase components; 4HPA3H, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase; 3-HBA, m-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-HBA, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 3HB6H, 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase; Hyg5 encodes chorismatase/3-hydroxybenzoate synthase; L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; ICS, isochorismate synthase; IPL, isochorismate pyruvate lyase; IRP9, salicylate synthase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; pheA, chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase; PobA, p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase; PhdA, acyl-CoA ligase; PhdB, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; PhdC, 3-oxoacyl-CoA ketohydrolase; PhdE, enoyl-CoA hydratase; QsuB, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase; Sam5, 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; SDH, shikimate dehydrogenase; TAL, tyrosine ammonia lyase; tyrA, prephenate; UbiC, chorismate lyaze; VanA and VanB ( or VanAB), the terminal oxygenase (VanA) and the reductase (VanB) are subunits of the vanillate-O-demethylase; Vdh, vanillin dehydrogenase. The enzymes/genes sources: Asp, Acinetobacter spp; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Ce, Corynebacterium efficiens; Cg, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Ec, Esherichia coli; Ht, Helianthus tuberosus; Kp, Klebsiella pneumoniae; La, Lycoris aurea; Pa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pr, Providencia rustigianii; Psp, Pseudomonas spp; Rc, Rhodobacter capsulatus; Rg, Rhodotorula glutinis; Rj, Rhodococcus jostii; Rp, Rhodopseudomonas palustris; Se, Salmonella enterica; Ses, Saccharothrix espanaensis; Sh, Streptomyces hygroscopicus; Tt, Thermus thermophilus; Ye, Yersinia enterocolitica.