Table 3.
Yields of free phenolic acids extracted from plants.
| Phenolic Acid | Plant Type and Part | Extraction Method | Solvent | Hydrolysis Applied *a | Yield (μg/g Dry Weight) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) | Maya nut (Brosimum. alicastrum) | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol–acetic acid | Alkaline | 326.2 | [95] |
| Pulp from Byrsonima ligustrifolia fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol, acetone | Alkaline, acidic | 1000–2820 | [96] | |
| Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits | Percolation | Water–ethyl acetate | Acidic, alkaline | 709.62 | [32] | |
| Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol with butylated hydroxyanisole −10% acetic acid | Acidic | 44–63 b | [97] | |
| m-Hydroxybenzoic acid (3) | Melon (Cucumis melo L.) peels | Maceration | Ethanol–water | - | 334.5 | [98] |
| Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit peel | Maceration | Water–methanol | - | 0.07 | [99] | |
| Salicylic acid (2) | Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straws | Maceration | Water | - | 190.1 | [100] |
| Fresh red quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) leaves | Accelerated solvent extraction | Methanol–water | - | 0.48 | [92] | |
| Vanillic acid (4) | Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaves | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol–formic acid, acetone–formic acid | - | 1156.80 | [88] |
| Maya nut (Brosimum. alicastrum) | Sonication | Methanol–acetic acid | Alkaline | 103 | [95] | |
| Grape (Citrus paradisi) pomace | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Ethanol–water | - | 86 | [101] | |
| Isovanillic acid (5) | Melon (C. melo L.) peels | Maceration | Ethanol–water | - | 237 | [98] |
| Gallic acid (8) | Microalgae (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) | Maceration | Methanol | - | 9489 | [102] |
| Clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb.) leaves | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 7385 | [103] | |
| Black tea (Clonorchis sinensis) leaves | Percolation | Ethanol–water | 6550 | [104] | ||
| Chinese olive (Canarium album) peel | Maceration | Methanol–acetic acid–water mixture | 3696 b | [105] | ||
| Pulp from B. ligustrifolia fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol, acetone, acetic acid | Acidic, alkaline | 1485-30603 | [96] | |
| Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) peels | Maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction | Ethanol–acetic acid | Acidic | 2330 | [106] | |
| Raspberry (R. idaeus L.) fruits | Maceration | Water | Acidic, alkaline | 1669 | [32] | |
| Protocatechuic acid (10) | Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 759 | [107] |
| Cocao (Theobroma cacao) powder | Maceration | Methanol, acetic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole | Acidic, alkaline | 400 | [97] | |
| Red onion (Allium cepa L.) outer layer | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 354 | [108] | |
| Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) fruit peels | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol–acetone–water | - | 318 | [109] | |
| Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) herb | Maceration | Methanol | - | 310 | [110] | |
| Star anise (Illicium verum) fruits | Maceration | Ethanol | - | 209.7 | [111] | |
| Syringic acid (11) | Blueberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol–formic acid, acetone–formic acid | Acidic | 5627.47 | [88] |
| Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut testa (defatted) | Maceration | Ethanol–water | Acidic, alkaline | 2507 | [112] | |
| Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants | Percolation | Methanol–water | - | 540.8 | [113] | |
| Raspberry (R. idaeus L.) fruits | Percolation | Water–ethyl acetate | Acidic, alkaline | 113.41 | [32] | |
| Gentisic acid (12) | Lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) flowers | Maceration | Methanol | - | 8600 | [110] |
| Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruits | Accelerated solvent extraction | Water | - | 5910 | [114] | |
| Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) fruits | Percolation | Water–ethyl acetate | Acidic, alkaline | 120 | [32] | |
| 4-Methylsalicylic acid (20) | Blueberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruits | Maceration | Sodium carbonate solution | Acidic | 24 | [115] |
| Beans (Vicia faba L.) | Maceration | Sodium carbonate solution | Acidic | 0.92 | [115] | |
| 3-Methylsalicylic acid (19) | Beans (V. faba L.) | Maceration | Sodium carbonate solution | Acidic | 4.37 | [115] |
| Blueberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruits | Maceration | Sodium carbonate solution | Acidic | 0.8 | [115] | |
| p-Coumaric acid (26) | Chokeberry (Aronia melonocarpa L.) fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Acidic water–ethanol | - | 4020 b | [116] |
| Pulp from B. ligustrifolia fruits | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol, acetone, acetic acid | Alkaline, acidic | 2898–5265 | [96] | |
| Leaves of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol | - | 1250 | [117] | |
| Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) fruits | Maceration | Water | Acidic, alkaline | 1108 | [32] | |
| o-Coumaric acid (24) | Leaves of rubber vine (Conradina grandiflora) | Maceration | Methanol | - | 45.55 | [118] |
| Leaves of moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) | Maceration | Methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, water, and acetone | - | 37 | [119] | |
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straws | Maceration | Water | - | 1.8 | [100] | |
| m- Coumaric acid (25) | Rice (Labelle) hull | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 432 | [120] |
| Melon (C. melo L.) peels | Maceration | Ethanol–water | - | 199.1 | [98] | |
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straws | Maceration | Water | - | 3.1 | [100] | |
| Leaves of rubber vine (C. grandiflora) | Maceration | Methanol | - | 1.02 | [118] | |
| Caffeic acid (31) | Roasted coffee beans c | Maceration | Hot water | - | 17,400 | [97] |
| Leaves of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol | - | 8940 | [117] | |
| Potatoes (S. tuberosum L.) peels | Maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction | Ethanol–acetic acid | Acidic | 3320 | [106] | |
| Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)herb | Maceration | Methanol | - | 2600 | [110] | |
| Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) leaves | Percolation | Ethanol–water | - | 760 | [104] | |
| Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) fruits | Maceration | Water | Acidic, alkaline | 537 | [32] | |
| Ferulic acid (27) | Wheat (T. aestivum L.) aleurone | Maceration | Sodium hydroxide solution in water | Alkaline | >7000 | [121] |
| Wheat (T. aestivum L.) bran | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 2020 | [122] | |
| Mate (I. paraguariensis St.Hil.) leaves | Percolation | Ethanol–water | - | 1360 | [104] | |
| Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) herbs | Maceration | Methanol | - | 460 | [110] | |
| Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) nuts | Maceration | Methanol–hydrochloric acid solution | - | 454 | [123] | |
| White onion (A. cepa L.) outer layer | Maceration | Methanol–water | - | 116 | [108] | |
| Sinapic acid (30) | Mate (I. paraguariensis) leaves | Percolation | Ethanol–water | - | 1870 | [104] |
| Defatted canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Methanol–water | - | 590 b | [94] | |
| Strawberry (F. ananassa L.) fruits | Maceration | Water | Acidic | 445 | [32] |
*a—hydrolysis applied results in the increased concentration of free phenolic acids; b—on fresh matter; c—recalculated from coffee brew to coffee beans.