Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of all study participants.
| Schizophrenia a (n = 39) |
Bipolar Disorder b (n = 37) |
Healthy Controls c (n = 32) |
p | Post-Hoc (LSD) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.62 ± 11.11 | 40.24 ± 12.72 | 44.59 ± 12.51 | 0.286 | |
| Sex | 0.182 | ||||
| Male | 17 (43.6) | 10 (27.0) | 15 (46.9) | ||
| Female | 22 (56.4) | 27 (73.0) | 17 (53.1) | ||
| Premorbid IQ | 100.60 ± 10.17 | 97.73 ± 8.19 | 107.03 ± 9.38 | <0.001 | a < c, b < c |
| Education (years) | 13.28 ± 2.68 | 12.73 ± 2.70 | 13.59 ± 3.77 | 0.490 | |
| Number of hospitalizations | 3.28 ± 4.09 | 2.47 ± 2.63 | 0.316 | ||
| Duration of illness (years) | 13.46 ± 9.54 | 9.50 ± 6.90 | 0.053 | ||
| Onset age (years) | 29.23 ± 10.71 | 30.94 ± 12.93 | 0.551 | ||
| Dosage of medication (CPZ equivalent, mg) |
395.90 ± 480.77 | 253.53 ± 316.99 | |||
| Dosage of medication (equivalent to sodium valproate dose, mg) |
101.28 ± 250.39 | 790.49 ± 530.04 | |||
| PANSS | |||||
| Positive | 13.74 ± 7.16 | 8.95 ± 2.05 | |||
| Delusion | 2.21 ± 1.51 | 1.16 ± 0.44 | |||
| Conceptual disorganization | 2.23 ± 1.51 | 1.19 ± 0.52 | |||
| Hallucinatory behavior | 2.23 ± 1.55 | 1.08 ± 0.36 | |||
| Excitement | 1.54 ± 0.94 | 1.86 ± 0.86 | |||
| Grandiosity | 1.49 ± 0.97 | 1.35 ± 0.72 | |||
| Suspiciousness/persecution | 2.46 ± 1.39 | 1.57 ± 0.65 | |||
| Hostility | 1.59 ± 0.85 | 1.19 ± 0.52 | |||
| Negative | 17.28 ± 6.76 | 9.03 ± 2.69 | |||
| General | 31.28 ± 10.91 | 24.03 ± 6.03 | |||
| Total | 62.31 ± 22.22 | 42.00 ± 8.86 | |||
| YMRS | 5.78 ± 3.00 | ||||
| Verbal fluency | 15.21 ± 4.95 | 14.57 ± 5.37 | 18.90 ± 5.96 | 0.003 | a < c, b < c |
| K-AVLT-trial 5 | 8.77 ± 2.77 | 10.22 ± 2.84 | 11.50 ± 1.78 | <0.001 | a < b, a < c, b < c |
LSD: least significant difference; IQ: intelligence quotient; CPZ: chlorpromazine; PANSS: positive and negative syndrome scale; YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale; K-AVLT: Korean Auditory Verbal Learning Test; a: schizophrenia; b: bipolar disorder; c: healthy controls.