Table 1.
Selected photosensitive agents encapsulated by nanoemulsion and lipid-origin formulations and their applications in transdermal delivery.
| Formulation | Surfactant/Co-Surfactant (Non-Lipid Origin) |
Oil/Lipid | Photosensitive Cargo | DH [nm] | EE [%] | Cargo Detection Method | Application | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethosomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine | 5-Aminolevulinic acid | 81 | 53 | FM | Hypertrophic scars | [91] |
| Ethosomes | Polyethyleneimine, sodium cholate |
Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol | Curcumin, doxorubicin | 50–350 | - | FM | Melanoma | [92] |
| Ethosomes | Cremophor A25 | Phosphatidylcholine | Ferrous chlorophyllin | 383 | 78 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, PDT | [93] |
| Chitosan-coated liposomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine | 201 | 68 | ||||
| Chitosan-coated liposomes | - | DMPC, cholesterol | Indocyanine green | 231–1983 | - | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM | Melanoma, PDT | [94] |
| Lipid nanocapsules | Solutol HS 15, Cremophor EL, Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349 |
Lipoid S75-3 | Quercetin | 27–54 | 90–96 | HPLC with ultraviolet detector | Anti-inflammatory activity, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis | [95,96] |
| Liposomes | Cremophor EL | DPPC | Quercetin | 179 | 68 | HPLC with ultraviolet detector | UV-protection | |
| Liposomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol | Curcumin | 189–395 | 76–84 | UV–Vis spectroscopy, FM | Wound healing | [97] |
| Liposomes | Oleic acid | Phosphatidylcholine | Folic acid | 120–280 | 6–70 | CLSM | Treatment of micronutrient deficiencies | [98] |
| Liposomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, DOTAP, DSPG | Ascorbic acid | 161–190 | 17–58 | HPLC with diode array detector, FM | Anti-aging, UV-A protection |
[99] |
| Liposomes | - | DPPC | Curcumin | 104–133 | 31–43 | HPLC with ultraviolet detector | Anti-inflammatory activity, psoriasis, melanoma |
[100] |
| Liposomes | - | HSPC, cholesterol | Doxorubicin, celecoxib | 121–142 | 98–99 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Melanoma | [101] |
| Liposomes | Dicetyl phosphate | Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol | Tretinoin | 318–485 | 38–73 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Acne | [102] |
| Peptide functionalized liposomes | Sodium cholate | Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol | Vemurafenib | 73–105 | 98 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Melanoma | [103] |
| Aspasomes | Dicetyl phosphate | Cholesterol, ascorbyl palmitate | Melatonin | 287–950 | 52–91 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Androgenic alopecia | [104] |
| Cubosomes | Propylene glycol | Glycerol monooleate, Lipoid S75 | Chlorin e6 | 138 | 97 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | Melanoma, PDT | [105] |
| TPP-Mn | 146 | 91 | ||||||
| Nanoemulsions | Tween 80/ PEG 400 |
Clove oil | Curcumin | 93 | - | DSC | Wound healing, anti-inflammatory activity | [106] |
| Nanoemulsions | Rapeseed lecithin | Rapeseed oil | Coenzyme Q10 | 123–158 | 93 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, epi-FM | Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory activities, UV-protection, skin disease (e.g., facial vitiligo) |
[107] |
| Nanoemulsions | Tween 80/ Transcutol HP |
Isopropyl myristate | Coenzyme Q10 | 11 | - | HPLC | Anti-wrinkle activity | [108] |
| Nanoemulsions | Tween 80/ ethanol |
Chaulmoogra oil | Methotrexate | 34 | 88 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM | Psoriasis | [109] |
| Nanoemulsions | Tween 80 | Crodamol GTCC | Tretinoin | 116 | 99 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Acne | [110] |
| Nanoemulsions | Pluronic F68 | Clove oil | 8-Methoxypsoralen | 91 | - | HPLC with ultraviolet detector | Psoriasis, vitiligo | [111] |
| Cremophor RH40 | Sweet fennel oil | 68 | - | |||||
| Niosomes | Span 60, Cremophor RH40 | - | Quercetin | 97 | 87 | HPLC | Hyperpigmentation | [112] |
| Niosomes | Span 60 | Cholesterol | Acitretin | 369 | 90 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Psoriasis | [113] |
| NLCs | Tween 80, Labrafil M 2130 CS | Capryol 90, Captex 355, Geleol, Apifil | Folic acid | 50–94 | 95–98 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Anti-aging | [114] |
| NLCs | Tween 80, Span 60 |
Avacado oil, grape seed oil/stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate | All-trans retinoic acid | 67 | >98 | HPLC with ultraviolet detector | Acne, photo-aging, eczema, psoriasis | [115] |
| NLCs | Pluronic F68 | Calendula oil, Illipe butter | Quercetin | 130 | 97 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Anti-aging, UV-B protection |
[116] |
| SLNs | Poloxamer 188 | Dynasan 114, soy lecithin |
Ropinirole | 211 | 77 | HPLC | Parkinson’s disease | [117] |
| NLCs | Dynasan 114, Capryol 90, soy lecithin | 193 | 84 | |||||
| Antibody functionalized SLNs | Tween 80 | Cetyl palmitate | Methotrexate | 292–356 | 85–88 | HPLC with photodiode array detector | Psoriasis | [118] |
| SLNs | Tween 80 | Precirol ATO 5 | Curcumin | 51 | 93 | HPLC | Hyperpigmentation irritant contact dermatitis | [119] |
| Transferosomes | Tween 20, Tween 80, Span 20, Cremophor A25 |
Phosphatidylcholine | Ferrous chlorophyllin | 284–651 | 37–56 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Melanoma | [120] |
| Transferosomes | Tween 80 | Phosphatidylcholine | Retinyl palmitate | 300 | 100 | HPLC with photodiode array detector, FM | Anti-aging, hyperpigmentation | [121] |
| Transferosomes | Tween 80 | Phosphatidylcholine | All-trans retinoic acid | 48–87 | 99 | HPLC, CLSM | Wound healing, treatment of deep partial-thickness burns | [122] |
Abbreviations: CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; DH, hydrodynamic diameter; DMPC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniopropane; DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; DSPG, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol); EE, entrapment efficiency; FM, fluorescence microscopy; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; HSPC, hydrogenated soya bean phosphatidylcholine; NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier; PDT, photodynamic therapy; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; TPP-Mn, meso-tetraphenylporphine-Mn(III) chloride.