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. 2020 Jun 24;12(6):587. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060587

Table 2.

Selected photosensitive agents encapsulated by nanoemulsion and lipid-origin formulations and their applications in intravenous delivery.

Formulation Surfactant/Co-Surfactant
(Non-Lipid Origin)		 Oil/Lipid Photosensitive Cargo DH [nm] EE [%] Cargo Detection Method Application Ref
Liposomes - DPPC/cholesterol, DPPC/DPPE-mPEG5000 or DPPC/TEL Temoporfin 106–129 78–90 UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM PDT [132]
Magnetic photosensitive liposomes DDAB DSPC, cholesterol Indocyanine green 222 12 UV-Vis spectroscopy PTT/PDT [141]
Liposomes Triton X-100 Phosphatidylcholine Zinc-phthalocyanine star polymer, nitazoxanide 87 - UV-Vis spectroscopy Bioimaging, PDT [142]
Liposomes - DPPC, cholesterol, DOPE, CHEMS Gemcitabine, pheophorbide A 102 37 HPLC, CLSM PDT, chemotherapy [143]
Antibody functionalized liposomes - Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol,
DSPE-PEG2000 		Doxorubicin, modified indocyanine green 128 >90 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS PDT, chemotherapy [144]
Liposomes - DPPC, DPPG, DSPE-PEG2000-folate, cholesterol Indocyanine green 301 96 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS, CLSM Diagnostics, PTT, sono-PDT photo-sonodynamic combined therapy [145]
Liposomes - DPPC, cholesterol ZnPc, TAZnPc 102–190 74–75 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS PDT [140]
Liposomes - Lipoid S100 Temoporfin 141 82 HPLC with fluorescence detector PDT [146]
Liposomes - Phosphatidylcholine cholesterol IR-780 130 67 UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM PDT [147]
Liposomes - Lecithin, DSPE-PEG2000, cholesterol Chlorin e6 162 82 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS, CLSM Diagnostics, PDT [137]
Nanoemulsions Anionic dicephalic surfactants CnH2n+1-N-(CH2COONa)2
n = 10, 12 or 14		 Isopropyl myristate or palm oil Verteporfin or meso-tetraphenylporphyrin 129–170 85–98 UV-Vis spectroscopy PDT [148]
Nanoemulsions Poloxamer 188 Lipoid S100 Curcumin 199 - UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, FS PDT [138]
Nanoemulsions Pluronic F127 Clove oil ZnPc 30–202 - UV-Vis spectroscopy PDT [149]
Nanoemulsions Pluronic F68 Miglyol 812 N, Epikuron TM AlClPc 133 >99 HPLC Diagnosis, PDT [150]
Nanoemulsions PEG-b-PCL Soybean oil Chlorin e6 220 - FM, FS PDT [135]
Multiple nanoemulsions (polymeric double-core NCs) Di-C12DMAB and Cremophor A25, Cremophor RH 40 or Poloxamer 407 PEG-PLGA, PEG-PCL, PEG-PDLLA
in DCM		 DNA, thiazole orange 143–184 72–95 UV-Vis spectroscopy Gene therapy, bioimaging [22]
Multiple nanoemulsions (polymeric double-core NCs) Span 80, Cremophor A25 PLGA in DCM NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs 134–265 - NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry NIR-induced imaging [151]
Multiple nanoemulsions (”smart” double-core polymeric NCs) Di-C12DMAB, Cremophor A25 PLGA, PEG-PLGA, FA-PLGA in DCM Verteporfin, cisplatin 187–200 88–97 UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM, FACS Combined chemo- and EP-PDT [21]
Multiple nanoemulsions (”smart” double-core polymeric NCs) Span 80,
Rosulfan A		 PLGA in DCM NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs, Rose Bengal 127–154 - NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry Theranostics, NIR-induced imaging and PDT [23]
Multiple nanoemulsions
(double-core polymeric NCs)		 Span 80, Cremophor A25 PLGA in DCM NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs+, Rose Bengal 150–158 - NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry CLSM Theranostics, NIR-induced bioimaging and PDT [152]
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs Quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants: d(DDA)PBr and d(DDA)BBr Isopropyl myristate, oleic acid IR-780 101–119 >90 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, CLSM NIR-induced bioimaging [19]
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs Cationic surfactant
C12(TAPAMS)2 		Oleic acid Daunorubicin 103–120 86–96 UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM Chemotherapy [153]
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs Cationic surfactant
C12(TAPAMS)2 		Oleic acid Verteporfin 118 92 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, CLSM Diagnostics, PDT [134]
SLNs Tween 80 Glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid, soya lecithin Docetaxel 79–111 87–90 HPLC, FM Chemotherapy [154]
SLNs Tween 80 Cetyl palmitate, Phospholipon 90G IR-780 134–237 22–63 UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM EP-PDT [155]
SLNs Myrj 52 Glycerol monostearate, lecithin Doxorubicin 81–96 89–90 HPLC, FM Chemotherapy [156]
NLCs Myrj S40 Suppocire NB, soybean oil, Lipoid S75 Verteporfin 50 >95 HPLC, FM, CLSM PDT [133]
NLCs Pluronic F127, Polyoxyethylene 40 stearate, ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil Capric/caprylic acid triglycerides Zinc phthalocyanine 165 63 FS PDT [139]
NLCs Tween 80 Cetyl palmitate, Miglyol 812 N, (CLA)PC IR-780 159–228 - CLSM Bioimaging [157]
NLCs Cremophor RH40, DSPE-PEG2000 Precirol ATO5, and Maisine 35-1 Chlorin e6 and paclitaxel 121 93–94 HPLC, FM, CLSM PDT, chemotherapy [136]

Abbreviations: C12(TAPAMS)2, N,N-bis[3,30-(trimethylammonio)propyl]dodecanamide dimethylsulfate; CHEMS, cholesteryl hemisuccinate; (CLA)PC, 1,2-di(conjugated)linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; d(DDA)BBr, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-di(dodecyl)-butylenediammonium; d(DDA)PBr, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-di(dodecyl)-ethylenediammonium bromide; DDAB, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide; DH, hydrodynamic diameter; DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine; DPPE-mPEG5000, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]; DPPG, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt); DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSPE-mPEG2000, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene-glycol)-2000]; DSPE-PEG2000, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(poly(ethylene glycol))2000]; DSPE-PEG2000-folate, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(polyethylene glycol)-2000]; EE, entrapment efficiency; EP-PDT, electroporation-supported photodynamic therapy; FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting; FM, fluorescence microscopy; FS, fluorescence spectroscopy; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; NC, nanocarrier; NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PTT, photothermal therapy; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; TEL, tetraether lipids.