Table 2.
Formulation | Surfactant/Co-Surfactant (Non-Lipid Origin) |
Oil/Lipid | Photosensitive Cargo | DH [nm] | EE [%] | Cargo Detection Method | Application | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes | - | DPPC/cholesterol, DPPC/DPPE-mPEG5000 or DPPC/TEL | Temoporfin | 106–129 | 78–90 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | PDT | [132] |
Magnetic photosensitive liposomes | DDAB | DSPC, cholesterol | Indocyanine green | 222 | 12 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | PTT/PDT | [141] |
Liposomes | Triton X-100 | Phosphatidylcholine | Zinc-phthalocyanine star polymer, nitazoxanide | 87 | - | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Bioimaging, PDT | [142] |
Liposomes | - | DPPC, cholesterol, DOPE, CHEMS | Gemcitabine, pheophorbide A | 102 | 37 | HPLC, CLSM | PDT, chemotherapy | [143] |
Antibody functionalized liposomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG2000 |
Doxorubicin, modified indocyanine green | 128 | >90 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS | PDT, chemotherapy | [144] |
Liposomes | - | DPPC, DPPG, DSPE-PEG2000-folate, cholesterol | Indocyanine green | 301 | 96 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS, CLSM | Diagnostics, PTT, sono-PDT photo-sonodynamic combined therapy | [145] |
Liposomes | - | DPPC, cholesterol | ZnPc, TAZnPc | 102–190 | 74–75 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS | PDT | [140] |
Liposomes | - | Lipoid S100 | Temoporfin | 141 | 82 | HPLC with fluorescence detector | PDT | [146] |
Liposomes | - | Phosphatidylcholine cholesterol | IR-780 | 130 | 67 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | PDT | [147] |
Liposomes | - | Lecithin, DSPE-PEG2000, cholesterol | Chlorin e6 | 162 | 82 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FS, CLSM | Diagnostics, PDT | [137] |
Nanoemulsions | Anionic dicephalic surfactants CnH2n+1-N-(CH2COONa)2 n = 10, 12 or 14 |
Isopropyl myristate or palm oil | Verteporfin or meso-tetraphenylporphyrin | 129–170 | 85–98 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | PDT | [148] |
Nanoemulsions | Poloxamer 188 | Lipoid S100 | Curcumin | 199 | - | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, FS | PDT | [138] |
Nanoemulsions | Pluronic F127 | Clove oil | ZnPc | 30–202 | - | UV-Vis spectroscopy | PDT | [149] |
Nanoemulsions | Pluronic F68 | Miglyol 812 N, Epikuron TM | AlClPc | 133 | >99 | HPLC | Diagnosis, PDT | [150] |
Nanoemulsions | PEG-b-PCL | Soybean oil | Chlorin e6 | 220 | - | FM, FS | PDT | [135] |
Multiple nanoemulsions (polymeric double-core NCs) | Di-C12DMAB and Cremophor A25, Cremophor RH 40 or Poloxamer 407 | PEG-PLGA, PEG-PCL, PEG-PDLLA in DCM |
DNA, thiazole orange | 143–184 | 72–95 | UV-Vis spectroscopy | Gene therapy, bioimaging | [22] |
Multiple nanoemulsions (polymeric double-core NCs) | Span 80, Cremophor A25 | PLGA in DCM | NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs | 134–265 | - | NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry | NIR-induced imaging | [151] |
Multiple nanoemulsions (”smart” double-core polymeric NCs) | Di-C12DMAB, Cremophor A25 | PLGA, PEG-PLGA, FA-PLGA in DCM | Verteporfin, cisplatin | 187–200 | 88–97 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM, FACS | Combined chemo- and EP-PDT | [21] |
Multiple nanoemulsions (”smart” double-core polymeric NCs) | Span 80, Rosulfan A |
PLGA in DCM | NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs, Rose Bengal | 127–154 | - | NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry | Theranostics, NIR-induced imaging and PDT | [23] |
Multiple nanoemulsions (double-core polymeric NCs) |
Span 80, Cremophor A25 | PLGA in DCM | NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+NPs+, Rose Bengal | 150–158 | - | NIR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry CLSM | Theranostics, NIR-induced bioimaging and PDT | [152] |
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs | Quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants: d(DDA)PBr and d(DDA)BBr | Isopropyl myristate, oleic acid | IR-780 | 101–119 | >90 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, CLSM | NIR-induced bioimaging | [19] |
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs | Cationic surfactant C12(TAPAMS)2 |
Oleic acid | Daunorubicin | 103–120 | 86–96 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | Chemotherapy | [153] |
Nanoemulsion-based multilayer NCs | Cationic surfactant C12(TAPAMS)2 |
Oleic acid | Verteporfin | 118 | 92 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, FM, CLSM | Diagnostics, PDT | [134] |
SLNs | Tween 80 | Glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid, soya lecithin | Docetaxel | 79–111 | 87–90 | HPLC, FM | Chemotherapy | [154] |
SLNs | Tween 80 | Cetyl palmitate, Phospholipon 90G | IR-780 | 134–237 | 22–63 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, CLSM | EP-PDT | [155] |
SLNs | Myrj 52 | Glycerol monostearate, lecithin | Doxorubicin | 81–96 | 89–90 | HPLC, FM | Chemotherapy | [156] |
NLCs | Myrj S40 | Suppocire NB, soybean oil, Lipoid S75 | Verteporfin | 50 | >95 | HPLC, FM, CLSM | PDT | [133] |
NLCs | Pluronic F127, Polyoxyethylene 40 stearate, ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil | Capric/caprylic acid triglycerides | Zinc phthalocyanine | 165 | 63 | FS | PDT | [139] |
NLCs | Tween 80 | Cetyl palmitate, Miglyol 812 N, (CLA)PC | IR-780 | 159–228 | - | CLSM | Bioimaging | [157] |
NLCs | Cremophor RH40, DSPE-PEG2000 | Precirol ATO5, and Maisine 35-1 | Chlorin e6 and paclitaxel | 121 | 93–94 | HPLC, FM, CLSM | PDT, chemotherapy | [136] |
Abbreviations: C12(TAPAMS)2, N,N-bis[3,30-(trimethylammonio)propyl]dodecanamide dimethylsulfate; CHEMS, cholesteryl hemisuccinate; (CLA)PC, 1,2-di(conjugated)linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; d(DDA)BBr, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-di(dodecyl)-butylenediammonium; d(DDA)PBr, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-di(dodecyl)-ethylenediammonium bromide; DDAB, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide; DH, hydrodynamic diameter; DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine; DPPE-mPEG5000, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]; DPPG, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt); DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSPE-mPEG2000, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene-glycol)-2000]; DSPE-PEG2000, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(poly(ethylene glycol))2000]; DSPE-PEG2000-folate, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(polyethylene glycol)-2000]; EE, entrapment efficiency; EP-PDT, electroporation-supported photodynamic therapy; FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting; FM, fluorescence microscopy; FS, fluorescence spectroscopy; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; NC, nanocarrier; NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PTT, photothermal therapy; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; TEL, tetraether lipids.