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. 2020 Jun 24;12(6):587. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060587

Table 3.

Selected photosensitive agents encapsulated by nanoemulsion and lipid-origin formulations and their applications in oral delivery.

Formulation Surfactant /Co-Surfactant
(Non- Lipid Origin)		 Oil/Lipid Photosensitive Cargo DH [nm] EE [%] Cargo Detection Method Application Ref
Cholate-modified polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles - PLGA, Lipoid S100 Quercetin 110 96 HPLC, CLSM Antileukemic activity [166]
Dual alginate-lipid nanocarriers Tween 20, Span 80, Kolliphor P188 Glyceryl monostearate, Miglyol 812N Amphotericin B 83–120 78–81 HPLC with photodiode array detector Antimicrobial/ antifungal-PDT [167]
Gel-like lipid-based drug delivery systems PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides/PEG-15 hydroxystearate PEG 300 oleic glycerides, propylene glycol monolaurate
and monocaprylate		 Simvastatin 13–23 - UV-Vis spectroscopy Antihyperlipidemic activity [168]
Lipid-based nanocarriers PEG 660-stearate Castor oil, Phospholipon 80 Quercetin 20 - HPLC with ultraviolet detector, NMR spectroscopy Antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory activity		 [169]
Double-loaded liposomes - Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol Lycopene 143–652 58–84 UV−Vis spectroscopy, DSC, FTIR Cardioprotective activity [170]
Liposomes - Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol β-carotene 129 86 UV−Vis spectroscopy Functional foods and supplements [171]
Multiple nanoemulsions Labrasol/Tween 80, Cremophor EL,
PEG 400		 Labrafil M 1944 CS Quercetin 15 - CLSM Anticancer therapy [172]
Nanoemulsions Tween 20, Tween 80, Solutol HS 15, Unitop FFT 40/Transcutol P,ethanol, PEG 400 Vitamin E, Capmul MCM, Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349, Captex, Capryol 90 Coenzyme Q10 20–31 - HPLC with ultraviolet detector Parkinson’s disease treatment [173]
Nanoemulsions Tween 80 Soybean oil Curcumin 198–272 - UV–Vis spectroscopy Food formulations [164]
Nanoemulsions Tween 80 MCT oil, lecithin Curcumin 114 95 UV–Vis spectroscopy Functional food and beverage system [174]
Nanoemulsions - Soybean oil,
Lipoid E80		 Curcumin 110 - CLSM, STED Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [175]
Nanoemulsions Tween 80/TPGS Kollisolv MCT 70 Curcumin 17 98 UV–Vis spectroscopy Anticancer activity against pituitary and colon cell lines [163]
Nanoemulsions Tween 20, Tween 80, Span 80, Labrasol/ Cremophor EL, PEG 400, Transcutol HP, Plurol Oleique CC Castor oil, oleic acid, Capryol 90, Labrafil M 1944 Quercetin 19–126 - HPLC with ultraviolet detector Obesity treatment [176]
Nanoemulsions Tween 80 Lipoid S75, Miglyol 812 N D-α-tocopherol 65–90 - - Antioxidant activity [177]
Niosomes Non-ionic surfactant BRD-BG Cholesterol Levofloxacin 190 68 HPLC, FTIR Antibiotic therapy [178]
NLCs - Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol oleate, Curcumin 141 92 HPLC, CLSM Antioxidant and anticancer activity [179]
NLCs Tween 80 Glycerol monostearate, octyl and decyl glycerate Quercetin 86 98 UV–Vis spectroscopy Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [180]
NLCs Pluronic F68, Tween 80 Gelucire 43/01, Capryol PGMC, GMS, lecithin Atorvastatin 163–866  76–97 UV-Vis spectroscopy Antihyperlipidemic activity [181]
NLCs Pluronic F68 Stearic acid, oleic acid, lecithin Simvastatin 169 40–76 UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR Antihyperlipidemic activity [182]
NLCs - Labrafac CC, trilaurin, soy lecithin IR-780 170 - UV−Vis spectroscopy Photothermal anticancer therapies [183]
SLNs - Phosphatidylcholine, Polawax NF Baicalein, myricetin, flavonoids cocrystals 45–104 51–92 UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRPD Antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities [184]
SLNs TPGS Cholesterol,
palmitic acid		 Curcumin 139 93 HPLC with ultraviolet detector, FTIR Brain gliomas and Alzheimer’s disease treatments [185]
SLNs Poloxamer 188 Dynasan 112, egg lecithin Rosuvastatin calcium 67 94 HPLC Antihyperlipidemic activity [186]
SELFs HCO-30, TO-106V, Transcutol P Coconut oil, CremerCOOR, MCT 70/30, Capmul MCM, Imwitor 988, 308 Risperidone 16–111 - FTIR Antipsychotic activity [187]
SNEDDS Cremophor EL, Labrasol, Tween 80/Transcutol Isopropyl myristate Coenzyme Q10 11–13 - HPLC Protection against liver fibrosis and cirrhosis [188]
SNEDDS Tween 80, PEG 400 Castor oil Curcumin 83 - HPLC, UV-Vis spectroscopy Anticancer activity against metastatic breast cancer cells [165]
SNEDDS Transcutol P, Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH40, hydrogenated castor oil Black seed oil, Imwitor 988 Curcumin 18–25 - FTIR,
ultra-HPLC		 Anti-inflammatory and anticancer treatments [189]
SNEDDS PEG 400, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Labrasol, Cremophor EL Sesame oil, oleic acid, isopropyl myristate, olive oil, ethyl oleate Quercetin 27–249 - UV–Vis spectroscopy, ultra-HPLC Brain tumor [190]
SNEDDS Cremophor RH40, Labrafil1944 CS Capmul MCM EP Quercetin, resveratrol 62–214 - HPLC, CLSM Antioxidant therapies [191]
SNEDDS Lauroglycol FCC, Tween 80/Transcutol P Castor oil Fisetin 154–157 58–105 HPLC with photodiode array detector The cancer, Neurodegenerative disorders treatments [192]
Nanoemulsions Pluronic F68, Tween 80, sodium oleate/glycerin Soybean oil, ovolecithin Atorvastatin 123–151 98 HPLC, FTIR Antihyperlipidemic activity [193]

Abbreviations: CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; DH, hydrodynamic diameter; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; EE, entrapment efficiency; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); SELFs, solid self-emulsifying lipid formulations; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems; STED, stimulated emission depletion microscopy; TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate; XRPD, X-ray powder diffraction.