Table 2.
Determination of primary and secondary metabolites in the seven studied flowers of Lamiaceae family. Data are presented as means ± standard error (SE, n = 3). Abbreviations: FW = fresh weight; DW = dry weight; GAE—gallic acid equivalents; CE—± catechin equivalents; ME—malvin equivalents; sig.= significant post hoc test at p < 0.05.
| Parameters | Monarda didyma ‘Fireball’ (1) | Nepeta × faassenii ‘Six Hills Giant (2) | Ocimum basilicum ‘Blue Spice (3) | Ocimum basilicum ‘Cinnamon’ (4) | Ocimum × citriodorum (5) | Salvia discolor (6) | Salvia microphylla ‘Hot Lips’ (7) | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary metabolites | ||||||||
| D-Glucose (GLU) mg/g FW | 5.07 ± 0.16 | 4.36 ± 0.40 | 4.70 ± 0.35 | 3.49 ± 0.12 | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 5.02 ± 0.19 | 7.60 ± 0.50 | 1vs4,5,7//2vs7//3vs5,7// 4vs1,6,7//5vs1,3,6,7 6vs4,5,7//7vs1,2,3,4,5,6 |
| D-Fructose (FRU) mg/g FW | 2.19 ± 0.22 | 4.11 ± 0.46 | 3.58 ± 0.15 | 6.85 ± 0.64 | 2.10 ± 0.08 | 3.96 ± 0.21 | 2.46 ± 0.27 | 1vs2,4,6//2vs1,4,5//3vs4// 4vs1,2,3,5,6,7//5vs2,4,6// 6vs1,4,5//7vs4 |
| Sucrose (SUC) mg/g FW |
6.66 ± 0.56 | 4.46 ± 0.02 | 2.44 ± 0.29 | 1.27 ± 0.11 | 1.60 ± 0.05 | 9.60 ± 0.84 | 7.91 ± 0.43 | 1vs2,3,4,5,6//2vs1,4,5,6,7// 3vs1,6,7//4vs1,2,6,7//5vs1,2,6,7// 6vs1,2,3,4,5//7vs2,3,4,5 |
| Crude protein (% DW) | 6.79 ± 0.16 | 12.69 ± 0.25 | 16.16 ± 0.16 | 9.62 ± 0.12 | 13.81 ± 0.00 | 3.19 ± 0.31 | 6.29 ± 0.16 | 1vs2,3,4,5,6//2vs1,3,4,5,6,7// 3vs1,2,4,5,6,7//4vs1,2,3,5,6,7// 5vs1,2,3,4,6,7//6vs1,2,3,4,5,7// 7vs2,3,4,5,6 |
| Secondary metabolites | ||||||||
| Total carotenoids (TCar) μg/ g FW | 1.91 ± 0.02 | 6.92 ± 0.98 | 51.59 ± 6.48 | 68.33 ± 3.10 | 81.86 ± 1.48 | 61.34 ± 0.09 | 4.25 ± 0.53 | 1vs3,4,5,6//2vs3,4,5,6// 3vs1,2,4,5,7 4vs1,2,3,7//5vs1,2,3,6,7 6vs1,2,5,7//7vs3,4,5,6 |
| Total anthocyanins (TAnth) mg ME/g FW | 0.98 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 1vs2,3,4,5,7//2vs1,3,4,5,6,7 3vs1,2,4,5,6//4vs1,2,3,6,7 5vs1,2,3,6,7//6vs2,3,4,5,7 7vs1,2,4,5,6 |
| Total polyphenols (TPC) mg GAE/g FW | 4.14 ± 0.08 | 5.11 ± 0.21 | 7.42 ± 0.13 | 8.06 ± 0.18 | 7.63 ± 0.14 | 6.53 ± 0.29 | 2.41 ± 0.18 | 1vs3,4,5,6,7//2vs3,4,5,6,7 3vs1,2,7//4vs1,2,6,7//5vs1,2,7 6vs1,2,4,7//7vs1,2,3,4,5,6 |
| Ascorbic acid reduced form (ASA) mg AsA/100 g FW |
1.36 ± 0.07 | 1.77 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.10 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.64 ± 0.05 | 1vs2,3,4,5,6//2vs1,3,4,5,6 3vs1,2,6,7//4vs1,2,7//5vs1,2,7 6vs1,2,3,7//7vs3,4,5,6 |
| Total ascorbic acid (AsATOT) mg AsATOT /100 g FW |
2.42 ± 0.03 | 2.34 ± 0.44 | 1.76 ± 0.07 | 1.45 ± 0.21 | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 1.14 ± 0.07 | 2.57 ± 0.31 | 1vs4,5,6//2vs4,6//3vs7 4vs1,2,7//5vs1,7 6vs1,2,7//7vs3,4,5,6 |
| Radical scavenging assay (IC50 DPPH-mg/mL) | 4.26 ± 0.20 | 2.05 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 1.20 ± 0.17 | 4.83 ± 0.49 | 1vs2,3,4,5,6//2vs1,3,4,5,7 3vs1,2,7//4vs1,2,7//5vs1,2,7 6vs1,7//7vs2,3,4,5,6 |