Table 3.

Summary of cutoff titer positivity criteria and antibody isotype described in selected studies

	Positivity cutoff titer criteria					Antibody target (n studies)
	Single titer	Both	Only 4-fold	Range	Total	IgM	IgG	Whole	IgM/IgG	Not stated	Isotype total
Country
American Samoa	1				1		1				1
Australia	1				1				1		1
Brazil	1	1			2				1		1
China	2				2				1		1
Colombia	1		1		2				1		1
Croatia	1		1		2		1	1			2
Cyprus	4				4				2		2
Djibouti		1			1					1	1
France	3				3				1	1	2
Germany	1				1		1				1
Greece	5	3			8	1	1		2	1	5
Indonesia	1	3			4				1	1	2
Israel	2				2	1		1			2
Lao PDR	1	2	2		5			3	2		5
Madagascar	1				1		1				1
Malaysia	1				1		1	1			2
Malta	1				1	1					1
Morocco	1				1					1	1
Nepal	1	1	1		3	1			1		2
New Zealand	1				1		1				1
Singapore		1			1		1				1
Spain	8	2		1	11	1	4			4	9
Sri Lanka	1	3		1	5	1			1		2
Taiwan	6		7		13				6	1	7
Tanzania	2		1		3			1	1		2
Thailand		5			5			1		4	5
Tunisia	6	3			9	2		1	2	1	6
United States	2	4			6		3		1	2	6
Vietnam		1			1		1				1
Zambia	2				2			1			1
Total	57	30	13	2	102*	8	16	10	24	17	75†
Study design
Case series	21	13	4	1	39	6	3	4	17	9	39
Cross-sectional studies	24	8	1	1	34	3	13	4	6	8	34
Diagnostic accuracy studies	4	1			5		2	2	1		5
Total	49	22	5	2	78	9	18	10	24	17	78

^*Some studies provided different positivity criteria for IgM and IgG.

^†Three studies were not included as they examined murine typhus in travelers from various countries.