Table 1.
Sociodemographic data and risk factors in Xiengkhouang Province
| Variable | n positive per group (%) | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |||
| Age (years) | < 20 | 40/140 (29) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| > 20 | 209/260 (80) | 10.2 | [6.3–16.5] | < 0.0001 | 12.7 | [7.4–21.8] | < 0.0001 | |
| District | Peak | 158/260 (61) | Ref | |||||
| Phasay | 91/140 (65) | 1.19 | [0.78–1.83] | 0.405 | NS | |||
| Gender | Male | 150/247 (61) | Ref | |||||
| Female | 99/153 (65) | 0.84 | [0.55–1.28] | 0.425 | NS | |||
| Ethnicity | Lao-Tai | 187/324 (58) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Non–Lao-Tai | 62/76 (82) | 3.24 | [1.74–6.03] | 0.0001 | 6.6 | [3.1–14.4] | < 0.0001 | |
| Religion | Buddhism | 197/337 (58) | Ref | |||||
| Animism | 52/63 (83) | 3.35 | [1.69–6.66] | 0.001 | NS | |||
| Household member | < 5 | 152/247 (62) | Ref | |||||
| > 5 | 97/153 (63) | 1.08 | [0.71–1.64] | 0.709 | NS | |||
| Level of education completed | Lower secondary school | 99/155 (64) | Ref | |||||
| Upper secondary school | 150/245 (61) | 0.89 | [0.5–1.3] | 0.594 | NS | |||
| Occupation | Farmer | 182/226 (81) | Ref | |||||
| Non-farmer | 67/174 (39) | 1.15 | [0.09–0.23] | < 0.0001 | NS | |||
| Salary income per month (Lao Kip) | < 3M | 209/337 (62) | Ref | |||||
| > 3M | 40/63 (63) | 1.06 | [0.6–1.8] | 0.82 | NS | |||
| Source of drinking water | Tap water | 0/1 (0) | 1 | _ | _ | |||
| Boiled water | 126/198 (64) | 1.12 | [0.7–1.6] | 0.571 | ||||
| Natural water (river) | 6/9 (67) | 1.12 | [0.3–4.9] | 0.783 | ||||
| Plastic bottle waters | 147/259 (57) | 0.5 | [0.3–0.7] | 0.002 | ||||
| Drilled water | 9/13 (69) | 1.37 | [0.4–4.5] | 0.599 | ||||
| Other | 50/73 (68) | _ | _ | _ | NS | |||
| Source of water (apart from drinking) | Tap water | 9/12 (4) | 1.85 | [0.4–6.9] | 0.362 | |||
| Boiled water | 0/0 (0) | _ | _ | _ | ||||
| Natural water (river) | 158/264 (63) | 1 | _ | _ | ||||
| Drilled water | 33/43 (13) | 0.73 | [0.4–1.1] | 0.042 | ||||
| Other | 65/107 (60) | 1 | _ | _ | NS | |||
| Eating raw fish | Never/rarely | 235/384 (61) | Ref | |||||
| Sometimes/usually/always | 14/16 (88) | 4.4 | [0.9–19.8] | 0.021 | NS | |||
| Eating raw meat | Never/rarely | 221/365 (61) | Ref | |||||
| Sometimes/usually/always | 28/35 (80) | 2.6 | [1.1–6.1] | 0.028 | NS | |||
| Eating snail | Never/rarely | 234/383 (61) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Sometimes/usually/always | 15/17 (88) | 4.7 | [1.07–21.1] | 0.014 | 13.5 | [2.4–74.4] | 0.003 | |
| Eating seafood | Never | 134/209 (64) | Ref | |||||
| Rarely/sometimes/usually/always | 115/191 (60) | 0.8 | [0.5–1.2] | 0.421 | NS | |||
| Cooked food by themselves | Never/rarely | 94/171 (55) | Ref | |||||
| Sometimes/usually/always | 155/229 (68) | 1.7 | [1.1–2.5] | 0.009 | NS | |||
| Share spoon | Never | 224/368 (61) | Ref | |||||
| Rarely/usually/always | 25/32 (78) | 2.2 | [0.9–5.4] | 0.04 | NS | |||
| Share glasses | Never/rarely | 64/106 (60) | Ref | |||||
| Usually/always | 185/294 (63) | 1.1 | [07–1.7] | 0.64 | NS | |||
| Wash hands before eating | Never/rarely/sometimes | 50/95 (53) | Ref | |||||
| Always | 199/305 (65) | 1.6 | [1.0–2.6] | 0.02 | NS | |||
| Wash hands after toilet | Never/rarely/sometimes | 65/116 (56) | Ref | |||||
| Always | 184/284 (65) | 1.4 | [0.9–2.2] | 0.3 | NS | |||
| Wash hands with soap | Never/rarely | 68/136 (50) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Usually/always | 181/264 (69) | 2.1 | [1.4–3.3] | 0.0003 | 2.5 | [1.4–4.3] | 0.001 | |
NS = not significant; OR = odds ratio. Data were dichotomized into participants positive or negative for anti-HAV IgG. The table shows only variables that were included in the multivariate analysis. All other variables were not significant at the bivariate level.