Table 1.
Univariable analysis of risk factors
| N | Scrub typhus | Murine typhus | Spotted fever | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Total | 1,353 | 20.4 | 16.0–25.7 | 5.4 | 3.5–8.2 | 10.4 | 7.4–14.5 | |||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 505 | 17.2 | Ref | 3.6 | Ref | 10.9 | ||||
| Female | 848 | 22.3 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 6.5 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.3 | 10.1 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.3 |
| Age-group (years) | ||||||||||
| 0–20 | 94 | 13.8 | Ref | 3.2 | Ref | 3.2 | Ref | |||
| 21–30 | 294 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.8 | 10.2 | 3.2 | 1.2–8.8 |
| 31–40 | 320 | 17.5 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.3 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 0.6–6.0 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 1.0–9.0 |
| 41–50 | 263 | 23.6 | 1.7 | 1.0–3.0 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 0.6–5.8 | 13.3 | 4.2 | 1.5–11.9 |
| 51–60 | 229 | 30.1 | 2.2 | 1.2–4.1 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.2 | 12.2 | 3.8 | 1.3–11.7 |
| > 60 | 153 | 31.4 | 2.3 | 1.2–4.4 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 0.7–4.8 | 9.8 | 3.1 | 0.9–10.4 |
| Geography | ||||||||||
| Urban | 427 | 15.5 | Ref | – | 5.4 | Ref | 3.8 | Ref | ||
| Rural | 576 | 28.1 | 1.8 | 1.1–2.9 | 8.7 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.5 | 12.7 | 3.4 | 1.8–6.4 |
| Peri-forested | 350 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.7 | 0.0 | – | – | 14.9 | 4.0 | 1.9–8.3 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| None | 346 | 21.7 | Ref | – | 5.2 | Ref | – | 19.4 | Ref | |
| Primary | 268 | 33.2 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.3 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.3 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 |
| Middle | 291 | 15.8 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.3 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.6 |
| High school | 321 | 16.5 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.5 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.5 |
| Graduate | 126 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.3 | 0.8 | 0.04 | 0.0–0.3 |
| House type | ||||||||||
| Reinforced cement concrete | 904 | 21.0 | Ref | 5.3 | Ref | 9.3 | Ref | |||
| M sheet | 380 | 16.7 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.7 | 12.1 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 |
| Thatched hut | 68 | 22.1 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 0.4–2.9 | 16.2 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 |
| Roof material | ||||||||||
| Concrete/tiled | 1,111 | 20.1 | Ref | 5.0 | Ref | 9.4 | Ref | |||
| Thatched | 242 | 21.9 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 7.0 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.5 | 15.3 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.7 |
| House floor material | ||||||||||
| Cemented/tiled/mosaic | 1,212 | 21.0 | Ref | 5.4 | Ref | 9.0 | Ref | |||
| Cow dung/mud | 140 | 15.7 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.2 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.5 | 22.9 | 2.5 | 1.7–3.8 |
| Agricultural work | ||||||||||
| No | 717 | 17.2 | Ref | 5.4 | Ref | 5.3 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 636 | 24.1 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | 5.4 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.8 | 16.2 | 3.1 | 2.0–4.6 |
| Cultivates rice | ||||||||||
| No | 752 | 18.1 | Ref | 5.3 | Ref | 5.9 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 601 | 23.3 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.0 | 16.1 | 2.8 | 1.7–4.4 |
| Cultivates sugarcane | ||||||||||
| No | 930 | 20.9 | Ref | 7.0 | Ref | 8.6 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 423 | 19.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.9 | 14.4 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.0 |
| Cuts grass for fodder | ||||||||||
| No | 805 | 19.9 | Ref | 6.1 | Ref | 7.1 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 548 | 21.2 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.5 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.4 | 15.3 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.6 |
| Collects firewood | ||||||||||
| No | 1,094 | 20.4 | Ref | 5.5 | Ref | 8.7 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 259 | 20.5 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.1 | 17.8 | 2.0 | 1.4–3.0 |
| Forest within 300 m | ||||||||||
| No | 1,014 | 22.2 | Ref | 6.4 | Ref | 6.4 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 339 | 15.0 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.4 | 22.4 | 3.5 | 2.2–5.6 |
| Owns vegetable patch | ||||||||||
| No | 528 | 19.5 | Ref | 6.4 | Ref | 5.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 824 | 21.0 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 | 13.6 | 2.5 | 1.5–4.2 |
| Lake/pond within 300 m | ||||||||||
| No | 1,046 | 20.1 | Ref | 3.2 | Ref | 11.1 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 307 | 21.5 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 | 13.0 | 4.1 | 2.1–8.1 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 |
| House yard has cement floor | ||||||||||
| No | 131 | 26.7 | Ref | 15.3 | Ref | 10.7 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1,221 | 19.7 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.6 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.6 |
| Walls | ||||||||||
| Plastered | 1,177 | 23.5 | Ref | 5.8 | Ref | 8.7 | Ref | |||
| Non-plastered | 176 | 28.6 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.5 | 22.2 | 2.6 | 1.7–3.9 |
| Cooking place outside | ||||||||||
| No | 1,055 | 18.6 | Ref | 4.9 | Ref | 9.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 291 | 26.8 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 6.9 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.7 | 13.8 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.2 |
| Sewage connection | ||||||||||
| No | 1,005 | 20.9 | Ref | 6.5 | Ref | 12.1 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 348 | 19.0 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.2 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 0.2–1.0 |
| Septic tank | ||||||||||
| No | 665 | 23.3 | Ref | 4.8 | Ref | 13.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 688 | 17.6 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 | 6.0 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.9 |
| Toilet in house/compound | ||||||||||
| No | 810 | 20.9 | Ref | 4.0 | Ref | 11.7 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 542 | 19.7 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.4 | 7.6 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.3 | 8.5 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 |
| Pet cat | ||||||||||
| No | 1,306 | 20.2 | Ref | 5.4 | Ref | 10.7 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 47 | 25.5 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.2 | 6.4 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.3 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 0.0–1.4 |
| Pet dog | ||||||||||
| No | 896 | 20.4 | Ref | 2.8 | Ref | 9.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 456 | 20.2 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 | 10.5 | 3.8 | 2.2–6.4 | 12.3 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 |
| Owns cows | ||||||||||
| No | 835 | 18.0 | Ref | 4.6 | Ref | 7.9 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 516 | 24.2 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.8 | 6.8 | 1.5 | 0.9–2.6 | 14.5 | 1.8 | 1.3–2.6 |
| Owns goats | ||||||||||
| No | 1,134 | 20.7 | Ref | 5.6 | Ref | 8.4 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 217 | 18.9 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.8 | 21.2 | 2.5 | 1.7–3.7 |
| Owns poultry | ||||||||||
| No | 1,129 | 18.6 | Ref | 4.6 | Ref | 9.0 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 223 | 29.6 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.4 | 9.4 | 2.0 | 1.2–3.6 | 18.0 | 2.0 | 1.2–3.4 |
| History of fever in the last 6 months | ||||||||||
| No | 1,299 | 19.9 | Ref | 5.3 | Ref | 10.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 52 | 32.7 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.8 | 7.7 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.3 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.0 |
Values in bold indicate P values < 0.05.