Table 4.
Spotted fever effect modification by geography
| Urban | Rural | Peri-forest | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | N | IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | N | IgG seroprevalence, % | Risk ratio | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 157 | 2.6 | 1 | – | 204 | 12.8 | 1 | – | 144 | 17.4 | 1 | – |
| Female | 270 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 0.5–5.6 | 372 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 | 206 | 13.1 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.3 |
| Age-group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 0–20 | 36 | 2.8 | Ref | 41 | 2.4 | Ref | – | 17 | 5.9 | Ref | – | |
| 21–30 | 90 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.3–5.3 | 109 | 11.9 | 4.9 | 0.6–38.0 | 95 | 14.7 | 2.5 | 0.6–11.4 |
| 31–40 | 114 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 0.2–17.0 | 125 | 11.2 | 4.6 | 0.7–29.3 | 81 | 12.4 | 2.1 | 0.3–14.3 |
| 41–50 | 83 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.0–6.4 | 118 | 17.8 | 7.3 | 1.1–49.5 | 62 | 21.0 | 3.6 | 0.7–19.5 |
| 51–60 | 61 | 6.6 | 2.4 | 0.2–22.4 | 114 | 14.0 | 5.8 | 0.8–40.3 | 54 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 0.4–15.3 |
| > 60 | 427 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 0.1–12.1 | 69 | 11.6 | 4.8 | 0.6–41.0 | 41 | 14.6 | 2.5 | 0.4–15.7 |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| None | 32 | 3.1 | Ref | 129 | 20.2 | Ref | 185 | 21.6 | Ref | – | ||
| Primary | 85 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 0.8–8.2 | 158 | 16.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 | 25 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 0.0–1.4 |
| Middle | 104 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.1–6.4 | 97 | 11.3 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 90 | 7.8 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 |
| High school | 154 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.2–6.6 | 132 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.6 | 35 | 11.4 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.5 |
| Graduate | 52 | 0.0 | – | – | 59 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.5 | 15 | 0.0 | – | – |
| Agricultural work | ||||||||||||
| No | 394 | 3.6 | 1 | – | 274 | 8.0 | 1 | – | 49 | 4.1 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 33 | 6.1 | 1.7 | 0.3–10.3 | 302 | 17.0 | 2.1 | 1.4–3.3 | 301 | 16.6 | 4.1 | 1.6–10.5 |
| Forest within 300 m | ||||||||||||
| No | 425 | 3.8 | Ref | – | 428 | 9.6 | Ref | – | 161 | 5.0 | Ref | – |
| Yes | 2 | 0.0 | – | – | 148 | 21.6 | 2.3 | 1.2–4.3 | 189 | 23.3 | 4.7 | 2.3–9.4 |
| Owns vegetable Patch | ||||||||||||
| No | 393 | 4.1 | Ref | – | 133 | 9.8 | Ref | – | 2 | 0.0 | Ref | – |
| Yes | 34 | 0.0 | – | – | 442 | 13.6 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.8 | 348 | 14.9 | – | – |
| Collects firewood | ||||||||||||
| No | 424 | 3.3 | Ref | – | 405 | 11.6 | Ref | – | 265 | 12.8 | Ref | – |
| Yes | 3 | 66.7 | 20.2 | 11.9–34.3 | 171 | 15.2 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.1 | 85 | 21.2 | 1.7 | 0.9–2.9 |
| Cuts grass for fodder | ||||||||||||
| No | 419 | 3.3 | Ref | 327 | 12.2 | Ref | – | 59 | 5.1 | Ref | – | |
| Yes | 8 | 25.0 | 7.5 | 3.1–18.0 | 249 | 13.2 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | 291 | 16.8 | 3.3 | 1.4–7.8 |
| Owns cows | ||||||||||||
| No | 395 | 3.0 | Ref | – | 245 | 11.8 | Ref | 195 | 12.8 | Ref | – | |
| Yes | 32 | 12.5 | 4.1 | 1.1–15.1 | 329 | 13.4 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 | 155 | 17.4 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.2 |
| Owns goats | ||||||||||||
| No | 414 | 3.6 | Ref | – | 456 | 11.6 | Ref | – | 264 | 10.2 | Ref | – |
| Yes | 13 | 7.7 | 2.1 | 0.4–12.0 | 119 | 16.8 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.4 | 85 | 29.4 | 2.9 | 1.7–4.7 |
| Owns poultry | ||||||||||||
| No | 418 | 3.6 | Ref | – | 370 | 9.5 | Ref | – | 341 | 15.0 | Ref | – |
| Yes | 9 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 0.3–28.9 | 205 | 18.5 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.5 | 9 | 11.1 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.5 |