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The temperature between the lower critical and upper critical temperatures (thermoneutral zone, 18–25 °C) is defined as the temperature zone in which chickens are able to keep their body temperature constant with the help of physical heat regulation (normal behaviors). In the critical zone, chickens are unable to keep their body temperature constant, resulting in welfare problems such as fast panting, physical tiredness (26–35 °C) and death (<36 °C) [7].
