. 2020 Jun 16;9(6):1876. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061876

Table 4.

Multiple linear regression models for the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) for the three groups.

TCI-R Dimensions	SUD (N = 55)			SZ+ (N = 55)			SZ- (N = 55)
	R² Adjusted	IV	β Standardized	R² Adjusted	IV	β Standardized	R² Adjusted	IV	β Standardized
Temperament
Novelty Seeking	0.133	Onset age of SUD	−0.386 **
Harm Avoidance				0.117	PANSS_GP	0.373 *	0.091	PANSS_P	0.331*
Reward Dependence	0.249	GAF	0.513 ***				0.187	GAFPANSS_N	0.360 ** −0.285 *
Reward Dependence	0.249	GAF	0.513 ***				0.187		0.360 ** −0.285 *
Character
Self-directedness				0.313	Abstinence period (months)	0.370 * −0.332 *	0.161	PANSS_GP	−0.421 **
Self-directedness				0.313	PANSS_GP	0.370 * −0.332 *	0.161	PANSS_GP	−0.421 **
Cooperativeness				0.282	Number of relapses	−0.412 * 0.343 0.249 *	0.228	PANSS_GP	−0.494 ***
					Duration of SZ (years)
					Age of SUD onset
Self-transcendence				0.084	PANSS_P	0.327 *	0.117	PANSS_GP	0.441 ***

SUD: Substance use disorder; SZ+: Dual schizophrenia; SZ-: Schizophrenia; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning; SZ: Schizophrenia; PANSS_GP: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale_General Psychopathology; PANSS_P: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale_Positive Scale; PANSS_N: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale_Negative Scale; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.