Table 1.
Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of the participants.
| Demographic | Participants No. (%) | |
| Child sex | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Female | 9 (64.3) | |
| Male | 5 (35.7) | |
| Control group | ||
| Female | 9 (64.3) | |
| Male | 5 (35.7) | |
| Parental sex | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Female | 11 (78.6) | |
| Male | 3 (21.4) | |
| Control group | ||
| Female | 11 (78.6) | |
| Male | 3 (21.4) | |
| Parental history of chronic Pain | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Yes | 5 (35.7) | |
| No | 9 (64.3) | |
| Control group | ||
| Yes | 4 (28.6) | |
| No | 10 (71.7) | |
| Race child | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Caucasian | 13 (92.9) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 1 (7.1) | |
| Control group | ||
| Caucasian | 13 (92.9) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 1 (7.1) | |
| Parental educational level | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Low (≤high school level education) |
5 (35.7) | |
| Middle (Bachelor’s degree or equivalent) |
6 (42.9) | |
| High (≥Master’s degree) |
3 (21.4) | |
| Control group | ||
| Low (≤high school level education) |
5 (35.7) | |
| Middle (Bachelor’s degree or equivalent) |
5 (35.7) | |
| High (≥Master’s degree) |
4 (28.6) | |
| Demographic | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) (Range) |
| Child age, years | ||
| Experimental group | 9.21 (1.53) | 9.00 (3.00) (7.00–12.00) |
| Control group | 8.71 (1.73) | 9.00 (3.25) (6.00–11.00) |
| Parental age, years | ||
| Experimental group | 39.57 (4.18) | 39.00 (5.25) (35.00–49.00) |
| Control group | 37.57 (4.65) | 38.00 (7.75) (29.00–44.00) |
| Pain duration, months | ||
| Experimental group | 19.71 (12.68) | 17.00 (15.75) (4.00–48.00) |
| Control group | 28.36 (21.40) | 24.00 (39.25) (3.00–70.00) |
| Pain episodes, n/month | ||
| Experimental group | 21.29 (8.73) | 23.50 (14.25) (3.00–31.00) |
| Control group | 20.64 (14.73) | 16.50 (17.75) (3.00–60.00) |
| Baseline | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) [Range] |
| FDI-P score | ||
| Experimental group | 11.00 (11.60) | 6.50 (16.25) (0.00–43.00) |
| Control group | 9.21 (8.54) | 7.00 (6.25) (2.00–34.00) |
| FPS-R score | ||
| Experimental group | 3.71 (2.20) | 4.00 (2.50) (0.00–8.00) |
| Control group | 5.14 (2.80) | 5.00 (4.50) (0.00–10.00) |
| FOPQ-P score | ||
| Experimental group | 41.50 (14.85) | 37.50 (23.75) (24.00–73.00) |
| Control group | 31.71 (9.23) | 34 (14.25) (12.00–42.00) |
| PCS-P score | ||
| Experimental group | 19.79 (9.54) | 19.00 (12.25) (3.00–41.00) |
| Control group | 22.29 (10.25) | 23.50 (9.50) (2.00–40.00) |
| PPT Trapezius, kg/cm² | ||
| Experimental group | 1.41 (0.85) | 1.17 (0.61) (0.73–4.00) |
| Control group | 1.15 (0.43) | 1.02 (0.70) (0.68–2.05) |
| PPT Umbilicus, kg/cm² | ||
| Experimental group | 1.04 (0.52) | 1.05 (0.77) (0.13–2.10) |
| Control group | 0.95 (0.32) | 0.84 (0.36) (0.50–1.61) |
| PPT Tibia, kg/cm² | ||
| Experimental group | 2.61 (1.12) | 2.59 (1.44) (1.19–5.00) |
| Control group | 2.47 (1.05) | 2.36 (1.39) (1.08–4.50) |
| CPM, absolute difference | ||
| Experimental group | −0.01 (0.59) | −0.07 (0.51) (−0.63–1.76) |
| Control group | −0.28 (0.37) | −0.19 (1.10) (−1.08–0.30) |
| CPM, % change | ||
| Experimental group | −7.90 (26.45) | −6.75 (40.17) (−50.00–44.12) |
| Control group | −32.64 (39.88) | −22.54 (73.06) (−105.19–24.49) |
Abbreviations: IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation; PCS-P: Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Parents (score: 0–52); FDI-P: Functional Disability Inventory-Parent proxy (score: 0–60); FOPQ-P: Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Parent version (score: 0–92); FPS-R: Faces Pain Scale-Revised (range 0–10); PPT: Pain Pressure Threshold; CPM: Conditioned Pain Modulation; CPT: Cold Pressor Task; Calculations: CPM absolute difference = (PPT Trapezius–PPT Trapezius during CPM); CPM Percentage change = (((PPT Trapezius-PPT Trapezius during CPM)/PPT Trapezius during CPM)*100).