Histopathological analyses of intestinal segments of mice with 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. Horizontally, the duodenum is illustrated in (A–E), corresponding to the saline, 5-FU, RUT 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg groups, respectively. The jejunum is illustrated in (F–J), representing the saline, 5-FU, RUT 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, groups, respectively. The ileum is illustrated in (K–O), representing the saline, 5-FU, RUT 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Black arrows: Shortened villi; red arrows: inflammatory infiltrates, blue arrows: loss of crypt architecture, and yellow circle: edema. In all segments, 5-FU induces shortened villi, loss of crypt architecture, and intense inflammatory infiltration. Histological changes are notably reduced following pretreatment with RUT 200 mg/kg, especially in the duodenal and jejunal segments. 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; RUT, rutin.