Table 3.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters between patients with no-mild AAC and moderate–severe AAC.
| No-Mild AAC | Moderate-Severe AAC | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (AAC < 6) | (AAC ≥ 6) | ||
| (n = 51) | (n = 53) | ||
| Age (years) | 67.3 ± 7.4 | 71.4 ± 8.1 | 0.011 |
| Sex (female) | 33 (64.7%) | 21 (39.6%) | 0.012 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 4.8 | 31.0 ± 7.0 | 0.174 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 111 ± 10 | 108 ± 12 | 0.067 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145 ± 17 | 147 ± 20 | 0.815 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 ± 10 | 76 ± 11 | 0.951 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 69 ± 16 | 70 ± 17 | 0.682 |
| Heart rate (pulse/min) | 79 ± 12 | 76 ± 14 | 0.401 |
| Time from diagnosis of diabetes | 0.254 | ||
| Less than 5 years | 6 (11.8%) | 3 (5.7%) | |
| Between 5 and 10 years | 16 (31.4%) | 12 (22.6%) | |
| More than 5 years | 29 (56.9%) | 38 (71.7%) | |
| Diabetic complications (nº) | 0.002 | ||
| 1 | 10 (19.6%) | 16 (30.2%) | |
| 2 | 9 (17.6%) | 7 (13.2%) | |
| 3 or more | 4 (7.8%) | 17 (32.1%) | |
| Comorbidities, toxics and clinical history | |||
| Chronic kidney disease (stage 2 or upper) | 34 (66.7%) | 44 (86.3%) | 0.071 |
| Hypertension | 45 (88.2%) | 48 (94.1%) | 0.758 |
| Smoking (current or ex) | 13 (25.5%) | 27 (52.9%) | 0.009 |
| Alcohol (current or ex) | 8 (15.7%) | 5 (9.8%) | 0.386 |
| Prior cardiovascular disease | 20 (39.2%) | 28 (54.9%) | 0.175 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 15 (29.4%) | 21 (39.6%) | 0.308 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 5 (9.8%) | 13 (24.5%) | 0.069 |
| Cerebral stroke | 5 (9.8%) | 9 (17.0%) | 0.391 |
| Diabetic polyneuropathy | 9 (17.6%) | 15 (28.3%) | 0.247 |
| Diabetic foot | 1 (2.0%) | 4 (7.5%) | 0.363 |
| Intermittent claudication | 2 (3.9%) | 8 (15.1%) | 0.930 |
| Atherosclerosis | 3 (5.9%) | 13 (24.5%) | 0.013 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| AGEs (U/mL) | 5.9 (4.5–10.1) | 9.7 (7.5–11.1) | 0.015 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 (6.4–8.1) | 7.4 (6.9–8.4) | 0.171 |
| Leukocytes (×109/L) | 7.8 (6.7–9.3) | 7.5 (6.3–9.3) | 0.509 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 (12.5–14.5) | 13.0 (11.6–14.5) | 0.164 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 152 (125–180) | 139 (111–226) | 0.701 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.004 |
| Urate (mg/dL) | 5.2 (4.5–6.0) | 6.2 (4.3–7.3) | 0.036 |
| Sodium (mg/L) | 140 (139–141) | 140 (138–142) | 0.536 |
| Potassium (mg/L) | 4.4 (4.2–4.7) | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) | 0.022 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) | 9.4 (9.2–9.7) | 0.577 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 0.320 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 158 (134–180) | 154 (141–177) | 0.964 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 42.5 (36.0–49.0) | 38.0 (32.0–47.5) | 0.199 |
| LDL cholesterol mg/dL) | 93.0 (68.3–105.2) | 85.0 (67.8–100.9) | 0.599 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 121 (94–176) | 149 (103–203) | 0.048 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | 0.004 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (u/L) | 77 (57–91) | 82 (67–93) | 0.356 |
| PTHi (pg/mL) | 67.0 (48.9–94.6) | 74.2 (51.8–102.9) | 0.333 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 23.0 (16.3–41.0) | 26.8 (18.0–34.0) | 0.547 |
| GFR (mL/min/sup) | 79.2 (57.4–95.3) | 68.0 (47.1–82.3) | 0.024 |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 70.5 (52.4–89.7) | 60.3 (39.2–89.7) | 0.184 |
| Urinary Alb/creat ratio (mg/g) | 10 (5–29) | 25 (9–149) | 0.004 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.5–3.6) | 1.1 (0.5–17.1) | 0.012 |
Each value is given as mean (± standard deviation), frequency (percentage) or median (interquartile range). The significance of differences between groups were determined using independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test for quantitative data and chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for qualitative data. Abbreviations. AGEs: advanced glycation end products; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; PTHi: intact parathyroid hormone; GFR: glomerular filtration rate calculated by MDRD-4 IDMS equation; Alb: albumin; Creat: creatinine.