Table 1.

List of microorganisms potentially implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms

Non-Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms

Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Moraxella catarrhalis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli: ○ Achromobacter xylosoxidans ○ Acinetobacter baumannii ○ Alcaligenes faecalis ○ Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ○ Pseudomonas spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae Other Enterobacterales ○ Escherichia coli ○ Klebsiella aerogenes ○ Enterobacter cloacae ○ Serratia marcescens ○ Proteus spp. ○ Providencia spp. ○ Citrobacter spp. Staphylococcus. aureus, including methicillin-resistant isolates Pasteurella multocida

Viridans group streptococci Gemella morbillorum Commensal neisseria species Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase negative staphylococci Micrococcus spp. Enterococcus spp.