Table 7.
Summary of studies examining functional and physiological factors (n = 32). (a): Summary of human studies examining functional and physiological factors (n = 20). (b): Summary of animal studies examining functional and physiological factors (n = 12).
| (a) | |||||
| Autdor (Year) | Cohort | Exercise Intervention | Duration | Outcome Measures | Results |
| Human studies | |||||
| [11] Mereles et al. (2006) | human (n = 30) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | echocardiography 6 MWD CPET |
= RVH (No SS), ↑ 6 MWD by 111 m (p < 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.05) ↑ workload at AT (p < 0.05) |
| [89] Man et al. (2009) | human (n = 19) | combined training | 12 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
= 6 MWD (No SS) ↑ workload at AT (p = 0.003) |
| [76] Shoemaker et al. (2009) | human (n = 2) | cycling | 6 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 90 m and 102 m ↑ VO2 peak by 4% and 14% ↑ workload at AT 46% and 53% |
| [90] Mainguy et al. (2010) | human (n = 5) | combined training | 12 weeks | 6 MWD | ↑ 6 MWD by 58 m (p = 0.01) |
| [90] Martínez-Quintana et al. (2010) | human (n = 8) | combined training | 12 weeks | 6 MWD | = 6 MWD (No SS) |
| [92] Fox et al. (2011) | human (n = 22) | combined training | 2 × 6 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 58 m (p = 0.003) ↑ VO2 peak (p = 0.02) |
| [37] Grünig et al. (2011) | human (n = 58) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 87 m (p < 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.001) ↑ workload at AT (p < 0.001) |
| [53] Ganderton et al. (2011) | human (n = 10) | combined training | 2 × 12 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 69 m Week 12 (No SS) ↓ 6 MWD by 14 m Week 24 (No SS) ↑ VO2 peak (No SS) ↑ workload at AT Week 12 (p < 0.032) (No SS at Week 24) |
| [12] Grünig et al. (2012a) | human (n = 183) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 68 m at Week 3 and 78 m at Week 15 (p < 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.001) |
| [93] Grünig et al. (2012b) | human (n = 21) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 64 m at Week 3 and 71m at Week 15 (p < 0.003) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.008) |
| [36] Becker-Grünig et al. (2013) | human (n = 20) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 63 m at Week 3 and 67 m at Week 15 (p ≤ 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.01) |
| [69] Chan et al. (2013) | human (n = 23) | running | 10 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 56 m (p = 0.002) = VO2 peak (No SS) |
| [94] Ley et al. (2013) | human (n = 20) | combined training + RMT | 3 weeks | 6 MWD | ↑ 6 MWD by 91 m (p = 0.008) |
| [88] Weinstein et al. (2013) | human (n = 24) | running | 10 weeks | 6 MWD | ↑ 6 MWD by 53 m (p = 0.003) |
| [95] Kabitz et al. (2014) | human (n = 7) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | 6 MWD | ↑ 6 MWD by 92 m at Week 3 and 81m at Week 15 (p < 0.001) |
| [96] Ehlken et al. (2016) | human (n = 87) | combined training + RMT | 15 weeks | echocardiography 6 MWD CPET |
= RVH (No SS) ↑ 6 MWD by 41m (p = 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.001) |
| [97] Bussotti et al. (2017) | human (n = 15) | combined training + RMT | 4 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 32 m (p < 0.001) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.001) |
| [73] Gerhardt et al. (2017) | human (n = 22) | WBV | 4 weeks | echocardiography 6 MWD CPET |
= RVH (No SS) ↑ 6 MWD by 39.8 m (p = 0.004) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.005) |
| [98] González-Saiz et al. (2017) | human (n = 40) | combined training + RMT | 8 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 27 m (p =0.01) ↑ VO2 peak (p < 0.001) |
| [77] Brown et al. (2018) | human (n = 12) | walking | 12 weeks | 6 MWD CPET |
↑ 6 MWD by 40 m (p = 0.01) ↑ VO2 peak (p = 0.02) |
| (b) | |||||
| Author (year) | Cohort | Exercise intervention | Duration | Outcome Measures | Results |
| animal studies | |||||
| [79] Souza-Rabbo et al. (2008) | animal (n = 32) | running | 5 weeks | RV autopsy | ↓ RVH at Week 3 in MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.05) |
| [80] Handoko et al. (2009) | animal (n = 56) | running | 4 weeks | RV autopsy | = RVH (No SS) |
| [81] Colombo et al. (2013) | animal (n = 60) | running | 3 weeks | RV autopsy | = RVH (No SS) |
| [82] Colombo et al. (2015) | animal (n = 30) | running | 3 weeks | RV autopsy | = RVH (No SS) |
| [83] Moreira-Gonçalves et al. (2015) | animal (n = 180) | early vs. late running | 4 vs. 2 weeks | RV autopsy | ↓ RV collagen deposition in MCT + earlyET (p < 0.001) and MCT +late ET (No SS) vs. MCT + SED ↓ RVH in MCT + early ET and MCT + late ET vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.01) |
| [75] Natali et al. (2015) | animal (n = 36) | voluntary running | 4 weeks | RV autopsy | ↓ RVH in MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (No SS) |
| [84] Colombo et al. (2016) | animal (n = 32) | running | 3 weeks | RV autopsy | = RVH (No SS) |
| [85] Nogueira-Ferreira et al. (2016) | animal (n = 50) | running | 4 weeks | RV autopsy | ↓ RVH in MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.01) |
| [86] Pacagnelli et al. (2016) | animal (n = 32) | running | 11 weeks | RV autopsy | ↓ RVH by 21% in MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (p = 0.0001) |
| [42] Brown et al. (2017) | animal (n = 42) | HIIT vs. continuous running | 6 weeks | RV autopsy CPET |
↓ RVH in MCT + HIIT vs. MCT + SED and MCT + ET (p < 0.05) less ↓ in VO2 peak in MCT + HIIT vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.01) and MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.05) |
| [74] Enache et al. (2017) | animal (n = 40) | eccentric running | 4 weeks | RV autopsy | ↑ RVH in MCT + ET vs. MCT + SED (p < 0.05) |
| [45] Zimmer et al. (2017) | animal (n = 24) | running | 3 weeks | RV autopsy | = RVH (No SS) |
(a): 6 MWD, 6-min walking distance; AT, anaerobic threshold; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise testing; ET, exercise training; HIIT, high intensity interval training; RMT, respiratory muscle training; RV, right ventricle; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy; SED, sedentary; SS, statistical significance; VO2, volume of oxygen uptake; WBV, whole-body vibration. (b): 6 MWD, 6-min walking distance; AT, anaerobic threshold; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise testing; ET, exercise training; HIIT, high intensity interval training; MCT, monocrotaline; RMT, respiratory muscle training; RV, right ventricle; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy; SED, sedentary; SS, statistical significance; VO2, volume of oxygen uptake; WBV, whole-body vibration.