Table 1.
Maternal characteristics in the control and study groups.
| Normotensives (n = 775) | Cases (n = 137) * | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | Mean (SD); Median or n (%) | Mean (SD); Median or n (%) | p ** |
| Controls (n = 775) | GH cases (n = 113) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 33.5 (4.8); 35.0 | 35.0 (4.3); 36.0 | 0.005 |
| Primiparous women | 318 (41.0%) | 53 (46.9%) | 0.237 |
| Prior PIH | 4 (0.5%) | 12 (10.6%) | <0.00001 |
| Infertility treatment | 29 (3.7%) | 8 (7.1%) | 0.097 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (4.1); 22.5 | 26.7 (5.3); 25.5 | < 0.001 |
| GWG/week (kg/week) *** | 0.35 (0.14); 0.34 | 0.38 (0.21); 0.38 | 0.057 |
| Smokers | 133 (17.2%) | 31 (27.4%) | 0.009 |
| Smokers in the first trimester | 37 (4.8%) | 17 (15.0%) | 0.00002 |
| Fetal sex—son | 405 (52.3%) | 55 (48.7%) | 0.476 |
| Gestational age at delivery (week) | 38.9 (1.6); 39.0 | 38.3 (2.2); 39.0 | 0.016 |
| Newborn birthweight (g) | 3416.5 (511.7); 3449.0 | 3174.1 (734.3); 3200.0 | 0.001 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 121 (15.6%) | 22 (19.5%) | 0.298 |
| Controls (n = 775) | PE cases (n = 24) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 33.5 (4.8); 35.0 | 34.1 (5.0); 35.0 | 0.434 |
| Primiparous women | 318 (41.0%) | 12 (50.0%) | 0.380 |
| Prior PIH | 4 (0.5%) | 3 (12.5%) | <0.00001 |
| Infertility treatment | 29 (3.7%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.031 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (4.1); 22.5 | 26.5 (6.2); 25.0 | 0.008 |
| GWG/week (kg/week) *** | 0.35 (0.14); 0.34 | 0.42 (0.21); 0.38 | 0.155 |
| Smokers | 133 (17.2%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.950 |
| Smokers in the first trimester | 37 (4.8%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.084 |
| Fetal sex—son | 405 (52.3%) | 13 (54.2%) | 0.854 |
| Gestational age at delivery (week) | 38.9 (1.6); 39.0 | 35.1 (3.7); 36.0 | < 0.001 |
| Newborn birthweight (g) | 3416.5 (511.7); 3449.0 | 2294.2 (927.5); 2445.0 | < 0.001 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 121 (15.6%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.678 |
| PE beginning: ≤31st week | - | 7 (29.2%) | - |
| PE beginning 32–33rd week | - | 4 (16.7%) | - |
| PE beginning ≥34th week | - | 13 (54.2%) | - |
* GH: gestational hypertension and PE: pre-eclampsia; ** The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparisons of continuous variables; For binomial categories the Pearson chi-square test (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) was used (p < 0.05 was assumed to be significant); *** GWG: gestational weight gain.