Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the entire population and separated by sex or weight status. Values correspond to the mean ± SEM.
| Variables | All Population (n = 360) |
BMI < 24.9 kg/m2
Women (n = 46) |
BMI < 24.9 kg/m2
Men (n = 18) |
p Value a | BMI > 25 kg/m2
Women (n = 205) |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
Men (n = 91) |
p Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 44.8 ± 0.5 | 39.1 ± 1.3 | 41.5 ± 2.5 | 0.751 | 45.8 ± 0.7 | 46.3 ± 1.0 | 0.628 |
| Weight (kg) | 83.1 ± 0.8 | 57.8 ± 0.9 | 71.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 83.6 ± 0.8 | 97.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 0.2 | 21.7 ± 0.3 | 23.0 ± 0.3 | 0.009 | 31.6 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 0.694 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.4 ± 0.8 | 73.1 ± 0.9 | 82.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 99.5 ± 0.7 | 108.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 108.7 ± 0.6 | 94.3 ± 0.9 | 95.5 ± 1.2 | 0.497 | 113.4 ± 0.6 | 107.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| VAT (kg) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.08 | 0.001 | 1.1± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122 ± 1 | 104 ± 3 | 119 ± 3 | <0.001 | 122 ± 1 | 132 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 1 | 66 ± 1.9 | 73 ± 2.3 | 0.044 | 76 ± 1 | 80 ± 2 | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 ± 1 | 83 ± 0.9 | 90 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 95 ± 1 | 100 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 212 ± 2 | 191± 5.4 | 199 ± 6.2 | 0.381 | 215 ± 3 | 219 ± 4 | 0.407 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 57 ± 1 | 64 ± 1.6 | 58 ± 2.6 | 0.052 | 59 ± 1 | 47 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 136 ± 2 | 113 ± 5 | 127 ± 6 | 0.035 | 137 ± 2 | 147 ± 4 | 0.018 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98 ± 3 | 68 ± 5.5 | 68 ± 5.1 | 0.555 | 94 ± 3 | 125 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.6 ± 0.7 | 13 ± 0.4 | 24 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | 21 ± 1 | 31 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.8 ± 0.4 | 18 ± 0.6 | 26 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 21 ± 1 | 25 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 11.9 ± 0.3 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 12.8 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.007 | 8.0 ± 0.3 | 8.7 ± 0.5 | 0.254 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 31.0 ± 1.6 | 14.2 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 48.1 ± 1.9 | 14.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| CRP (µg/mL) | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.519 | 2.1 ±0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 0.003 |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.692 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.192 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.221 | 1.0 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.03 | 0.258 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.038 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.036 |
| Carbohydrate intake (%) | 41.1 ± 0.4 | 43.0 ± 1.0 | 44.9 ± 1.2 | 0.296 | 40.8 ± 0.5 | 40.4 ± 0.8 | 0.928 |
| Protein intake (%) | 16.9 ± 0.2 | 17.2 ± 0.4 | 15.7 ± 0.7 | 0.087 | 17.4 ± 0.2 | 16.0 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Fat intake (%) | 40.1 ± 0.3 | 38.3 ± 0.9 | 37.5 ± 1.1 | 0.598 | 40.6 ± 0.4 | 40.1± 0.6 | 0.461 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2907 ± 48 | 2560 ± 106.2 | 2779 ± 149.9 | 0.271 | 2849 ± 63 | 3237 ± 104 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (METs) | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 25.7 ± 2.8 | 47.8 ± 6.8 | 0.002 | 20.7 ± 1.2 | 30.9 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-c: HDL cholesterol; LDL-c: LDL cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; HOMA-IR insulin resistance index; METs: metabolic equivalent of task. Comparisons of means between normalweight (BMI < 24.9 kg/m2) women and men (a), and overweight+obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2) women and men (b) by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test according with the distribution of data.