Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of the extrusion-based 3D bioprinting.

Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
Co-axial bioprinting	-The building of a hollow construct with functional biological components -Fabricating permeable vascular-embedded 3D constructs -Manufacturing small-diameter vascular structures with endothelial and smooth muscle layers -Printing long-length warping vascular structures in a short amount of time	-Difficulty in making anatomical bifurcate structures -Difficulty in stacking hierarchical constructs	[59,88,114]
Kenzan method bioprinting	-High cell density -Reduced printing time on spheroid bioprinting	-The requirement of the additional cell spheroid fabrication process -Fixed interneedle distance	[115,116,117,118]
Rod supporting bioprinting	-Manufacturing ability of the self-supporting multi-layer hollow structure with target-specific cell components -Sequential printing using two or more printable biomaterials	-Dependence on rotating rod shape	[31,119]
Support bath-based bioprinting	-Enabling 3D bioprinting of the hydrate biomaterials -Creating a complex 3D anatomical architecture	-Limitation of available biomaterials -High cost	[120,121]
Direct bioprinting	-High freedom of shape	-Long production time	[122,123]