TABLE VI:

Pixel-wise sensitivity, specificity, F1, and F2 scores for all six applications under study. Note that the p-values are calculated between our UNet++ with deep supervision vs. the original U-Net. As seen, powered by redesigned skip connections and deep supervision, UNet++ achieves a significantly higher level of segmentation performance over U-Net across all the biomedical applications under study.

EM	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	91.21±2.18	83.55±1.62	87.21±1.88	89.56±2.06
UNet++	92.87±2.08	84.94±1.55	88.73±1.79	91.17±1.96
p-value	0.018	0.008	0.013	0.016
Cell	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	94.04±2.36	96.10±0.75	81.25±2.62	88.47±2.49
UNet++	95.88±2.59	96.76±0.65	84.34±2.52	90.90±2.57
p-value	0.025	0.005	5.00e-4	0.004
Nuclei	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	93.57±4.30	93.94±0.87	83.64±2.97	89.33±3.71
UNet++	97.28±4.85	96.30±0.94	90.14±3.82	94.29±4.41
p-value	0.015	5.35e-10	6.75e-7	4.47e-4
Brain Tumor	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	94.00±1.15	97.52±0.78	88.42±2.61	91.68±1.77
UNet++	95.81±1.25	98.01±0.67	90.83±2.46	93.75±1.77
p-value	2.90e-5	0.042	0.005	7.03e-3
Liver	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	91.22±2.02	98.48±0.43	86.19±2.84	89.14±2.37
UNet++	93.15±1.88	98.74±0.36	88.54±2.57	91.25±2.18
p-value	0.003	0.046	0.010	0.006
Lung Nodule	Sensitivity	Specificity	F1 score	F2 score
U-Net	94.95±1.31	97.27±0.47	83.98±1.94	90.24±1.60
UNet++	95.83±0.86	97.81±0.40	86.78±1.66	91.99±1.22
p-value	0.018	3.25e-3	1.92e-5	4.27e-3