Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Phenotype
| Cognitive Impairment (MMSE) | Frailty (CHS) | Cognitive Frailty (MMSE) | Cognitive Impairment (TMT-A) | Cognitive Impairment (TMT-B) | Cognitive Frailty (TMT-A) | Cognitive Frailty (TMT-B) | |
| Phenotype (n) | (n = 369) | (n = 595) | (n = 257) | (n = 525) | (n = 634) | (n = 302) | (n = 325) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 80 (8.7) | 78 (7.9) | 82 (7.4) | 76 (7.7) | 72 (9.0) | 78 (7.4) | 76 (6.9) |
| Gender, % | |||||||
| Male (n) | 24.0 (120) | 42.8 (214) | 31.9 (82) | 37.1 (195) | 41.9 (266) | 35.1 (106) | 36.0 (117) |
| Female (n) | 37.6 (249) | 58.2 (381) | 68.1 (175) | 62.9 (330) | 58.0 (368) | 64.9 (196) | 64.0 (208) |
| Education, % | |||||||
| No Education | 56.9 (210) | 39.3 (234) | 58.8 (151) | 42.3 (222) | 25.4 (161) | 46.4 (140) | 30.8 (100) |
| Elementary Secondary | 39.6 (146) | 52.4 (312) | 37.7 (97) | 53.1 (279) | 66.2 (420) | 49.3 (149) | 61.5 (200) |
| ≧ High School | 1.4 (5) | 7.1 (42) | 1.9 (5) | 3.2 (17) | 7.6 (48) | 3.3 (10) | 7.4 (24) |
| Medication use | |||||||
| Number of medications | |||||||
| 0 | 73 | 83 | 34 | 107 | 141 | 35 | 51 |
| 1–4 | 228 | 305 | 169 | 334 | 408 | 201 | 208 |
| 5–7 | 56 | 100 | 45 | 70 | 73 | 53 | 56 |
| ≧8 | 12 | 23 | 9 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 10 |
| Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Control | 2.18 (2.01) | 1.75 (1.76) | 2.15 (2.02) | 1.95 (1.87) | 1.77 (1.73) | 1.85 (1.82) | 1.68 (1.66) |
| Phenotype | 2.69 (2.19) | 2.89 (2.21) | 3.00 (2.16) | 2.44 (2.12) | 2.23 (2.02) | 3.01 (2.20) | 2.79 (2.19) |
| p-value* | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.006 | <.001 | <.001 |
Note: CHS = Cardiovascular Heart Study; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SD = Standard deviation.
*Two-tailed t test with means and SD.