TABLE 1.

Pairwise comparisons of beta diversity among stomach, intestine, and environmental microbial communities^a

Multivariate pairwise test comparison	df	PERMANOVA		PERMDISP
		t	P	t	P
Mature stomach vs mature intestine	95	5.79	0.001*	5.58	0.001*
Regenerating stomach vs regenerating intestine	44	1.24	0.068	2.57	0.04*
Mature stomach vs regenerating stomach	65	4.02	0.001*	1.64	0.18
Mature intestine vs regenerating intestine	74	3.36	0.001*	0.34	0.79
Mature stomach vs regenerating intestine	75	4.10	0.001*	5.16	0.001*
Mature intestine vs regenerating stomach	64	3.36	0.001*	2.41	0.03*
Seawater vs mature stomach	62	4.57	0.001*	3.79	0.004*
Seawater vs regenerating stomach	31	2.83	0.002*	1.98	0.08
Seawater vs mature intestine	61	3.28	0.001*	0.15	0.92
Seawater vs regenerating intestine	41	2.62	0.001*	0.49	0.68
Sediment vs mature stomach	68	4.16	0.001*	3.47	0.003*
Sediment vs regenerating stomach	37	1.76	0.004*	1.40	0.32
Sediment vs mature intestine	67	3.35	0.001*	0.57	0.62
Sediment vs regenerating intestine	47	1.72	0.007*	0.80	0.53
Sediment vs seawater	34	2.23	0.001*	0.36	0.78
Algae, seagrass vs mature stomach	53	3.82	0.001*	1.69	0.16
Algae, seagrass vs regenerating stomach	22	2.77	0.001*	0.57	0.66
Algae, seagrass vs mature intestine	52	2.58	0.001*	1.02	0.36
Algae, seagrass vs regenerating intestine	32	2.34	0.001*	1.42	0.31
Algae, seagrass vs seawater	19	2.34	0.001*	1.91	0.29
Algae, seagrass vs sediment	25	2.43	0.001*	0.51	0.68

^aDenominator degrees of freedom are listed for all pairwise comparisons, and significant P values (<0.05) are indicated with asterisks. PERMDISP tests were conducted to ensure that significant PERMANOVA results were not due to unequal dispersion of variability among groups. Algae and seagrass include the red algae Gracilaria sp. and the seagrass Zostera marina. t, t statistic of the pairwise PERMANOVA test.