Table 1. Biomarkers of kidney and liver injury, oxidative stress biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokines after administration of (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate.
| Biomarker | SH | 12.5Tox | 25Tox | IR | 12.5+IR | 25+IR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALB (g/dL) | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 164 ± 29 | 193 ± 31 | 181 ± 33 | 134 ± 37 | 144 ± 25 | 134 ± 24 |
| TP (g/dL) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2* |
| UA (mg/dL) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| SOD (%) | 93 ± 2 | 91 ± 1 | 93 ± 7 | 95 ± 3 | 97 ± 5 | 95 ± 6 |
| MDA (µmol/g) | 75.48 ± 25.75 | 80.00 ± 32.04 | 70.63 ± 24.12 | 87.36 ± 33.91 | 86.13 ± 25.48 | 73.57 ± 13.66 |
| IL-1β (ng/mL) | 1.50 ± 0.67 | 1.50 ± 0.41 | 1.34 ± 0.94 | 2.19 ± 1.57 | 1.70 ± 1.21 | 1.51 ± 0.73 |
| IL-6 (ng/mL) | 3.44 ± 1.26 | 4.00 ± 0.65 | 2.91 ± 1.33 | 3.05 ± 2.49 | 2.49 ± 0.45 | 2.42 ± 0.73 |
| TNF-α (ng/mL) | 0.78 ± 0.35 | 0.85 ± 0.34 | 1.02 ± 0.92 | 1.06 ± 1.12 | 0.61 ± 0.55 | 0.71 ± 0.41 |
Notes.
One-way ANOVA test, Tukey post hoc test. The comparisons were between the 12.5Tox, 25Tox, and SH groups, and between the SH, 12.5+IR, 25+IR, and IR groups.
- ALB
- albumin
- ALP
- alkaline phosphatase
- GLU
- glucose
- IL-1β
- interleukin 1β
- IL-6
- interleukin 6
- LDH
- lactate dehydrogenase
- MDA
- malondialdehyde
- SOD
- superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α
- tumor necrosis factor α
- TP
- total proteins
- UA
- uric acid
*
p = 0.0358 vs. IR group.