Table 3. Biomarkers of kidney and liver injury, oxidative stress biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokines after administration of succinic acid.
| Biomarker | SH | 12.5Tox | 25Tox | 50Tox | IR | 12.5+IR | 25+IR | 50+IR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALB (g/dL) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 153 ± 15 | 128 ± 57 | 149 ± 29 | 143 ± 22 | 92 ± 15* | 103 ± 15 | 101 ± 30 | 92 ± 44 |
| TP (g/dL) | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.1 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.6 |
| SOD (%) | 94 ± 2 | 88 ± 4 | 91 ± 3 | 90 ± 1 | 97 ± 2 | 92 ± 1 | 88 ± 10 | 91 ± 4 |
| MDA (µmol/g) | 72.71 ± 9.71 | 88.80 ± 14.81 | 85.13 ± 9.87 | 92.10 ± 16.63 | 145.54 ± 97.83 | 71.89 ± 16.91 | 71.64 ± 18.49 | 102.46 ± 24.30 |
| IL-1β (ng/mL) | 1.32 ± 0.70 | 2.28 ± 1.05 | 2.46 ± 0.29 | 4.06 ± 3.08 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 1.19 ± 0.43 | 1.08 ± 0.48 | 0.83 ± 0.42 |
| IL-6 (ng/mL) | 3.31 ± 1.37 | 3.06 ± 1.01 | 3.08 ± 0.86 | 4.15 ± 0.89 | 3.93 ± 0.72 | 2.26 ± 0.88 | 2.15 ± 0.85 | 1.95 ± 0.92 |
| TNF-α (ng/mL) | 0.77 ± 0.46 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 1.24 ± 0.63 | 0.92 ± 0.54 | 0.37 ± 0.18 | 0.30 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 1.36 |
Notes.
One-way ANOVA test, Tukey post hoc test. The comparisons were between the 12.5Tox, 25Tox, and SH groups, and between the SH, 12.5+IR, 25+IR, and IR groups.
- ALB
- albumin
- ALP
- alkaline phosphatase
- GLU
- glucose
- IL-1β
- interleukin 1β
- IL-6
- interleukin 6
- LDH
- lactate dehydrogenase
- MDA
- malondialdehyde
- SOD
- superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α
- tumor necrosis factor α
- TP
- total proteins
- UA
- uric acid
*
p = 0.0293 vs. SH.