Table 2.
Walking Metrics During Single- and Dual-Task Walking and the Associated Dual-Task Cost by LOW Versus HIGH NVC
| LOW NVC | HIGH NVC | β | CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait speed | |||||
| Single (m/s) | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.010, 0.113 | .02* |
| Dual-task (m/s) | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.20 | −0.001, 0.101 | .06 |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 23.9 ± 2.7 | 21.7 ± 2.6 | −0.09 | −4.304, 2.099 | .49 |
| Step width | |||||
| Single (m) | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.004, 0.045 | .02* |
| Dual-task (m) | 0.50 ± 0.02 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.004, 0.045 | .02* |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | −0.05 | −2.050, 1.436 | .73 |
| Stride length | |||||
| Single (m) | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.011, 0.098 | .01* |
| Dual-task (m) | 0.94 ± 0.04 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.010, 0.099 | .02* |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | −0.09 | −2.545, 1.329 | .53 |
| Stride time | |||||
| Single (s) | 1.23 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.03 | −0.18 | −0.067, 0.007 | .11 |
| Dual-task (s) | 1.48 ± 0.06 | 1.39 ± 0.06 | −0.16 | −0.115, 0.024 | .19 |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 19.6 ± 3.7 | 18.8 ± 3.5 | −0.02 | −4.766, 3.972 | .86 |
| Stride time variability† | |||||
| Single (s) | 3.91 ± 0.37 | 4.10 ± 0.33 | 0.06 | −0.330, 0.526 | .65 |
| Dual-task (s) | 5.51 ± 0.57 | 5.68 ± 0.51 | 0.03 | −0.565, 0.735 | .79 |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 74.42 ± 20.8 | 64.06 ± 19.9 | −0.06 | −29.703, 19.348 | .67 |
| Double-support time | |||||
| Single (%) | 37.6 ± 1.3 | 34.2 ± 1.3 | −0.23 | −3.261, −0.163 | .03* |
| Dual-task (%) | 40.9 ± 1.3 | 36.0 ± 1.2 | −0.32 | −3.931, −0.911 | .002* |
| Dual-task cost (%) | 10.6 ± 2.5 | 6.9 ± 2.4 | −0.16 | −4.806, 1.1322 | .22 |
Notes: CI = confidence interval (lower, upper); NVC = neurovascular coupling. Data are presented as least square mean ± SE.
*p < .05 after adjustment for age, height, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and use of an assistive device or †aforementioned covariates + walking speed per condition (Model 1).