Table 2.
Association Between Fast-Paced Walking Speed and Gray Matter Density
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | MNI coordinates (x, y, z) | β (p value)§ | ||
| Right angular gyrus | 62, −50, 36 | 0.23 (.01) | 0.22 (.01) | 0.21 (.02) |
| Right cerebellum 4–5 | 24, −50, −20 | 0.14 (.04) | 0.13 (.06) | 0.12 (.08) |
| Right cerebellum 6 | 26, −56, −18 | 0.13 (.03) | 0.12 (.05) | 0.11 (.08) |
| Left cerebellum crus 2 | −38, −66, −38 | 0.11 (.04) | 0.10 (.06) | 0.09 (.10) |
| Right cerebellum crus 2 | 44, −68, −40 | 0.13 (.04) | 0.11 (.07) | 0.10 (.09) |
| Left middle orbital frontal gyrus | −8, 38, −12 | 0.13 (.03) | 0.11 (.07) | 0.09 (.14) |
| Right middle orbital frontal gyrus | 10, 42, −6 | 0.14 (.03) | 0.13 (.06) | 0.10 (.12) |
| Right middle frontal gyrus | 28, 54, 2 | 0.35 (.001) | 0.35 (.001) | 0.31 (.01) |
| Right superior frontal gyrus | 14, 68, 24 | 0.37 (.01) | 0.36 (.01) | 0.31 (.04) |
| Right fusiform gyrus | 26, −52, −16 | 0.17 (.04) | 0.15 (.07) | 0.13 (.14) |
| Left lingual gyrus | −16, −66, 2 | 0.11 (.05) | 0.11 (.06) | 0.10 (.08) |
| Right lingual gyrus | 16, −48, 4 | 0.20 (.03) | 0.19 (.03) | 0.18 (.04) |
| Right insula | 38, 10, 10 | 0.24 (.05) | 0.20 (.11) | 0.14 (.30) |
| Right paracentral lobule | 8, −36, 60 | 0.24 (.05) | 0.22 (.08) | 0.21 (.09) |
| Right inferior parietal gyrus | 60, −40, 46 | 0.25 (.01) | 0.23 (.01) | 0.23 (.01) |
| Right postcentral gyrus | 64, 0, 18 | 0.38 (.04) | 0.36 (.05) | 0.35 (.05) |
| Right precuneus | 14, −40, 58 | 0.21 (.03) | 0.20 (.05) | 0.19 (.05) |
| Right Rolandic operculum | 44, −14, 16 | 0.15 (.04) | 0.13 (.09) | 0.11 (.14) |
| Left supramarginal gyrus | −44, −34, 26 | 0.23 (.005) | 0.22 (.01) | 0.19 (.02) |
| Right supramarginal gyrus | 66, −36, 38 | 0.17 (.03) | 0.14 (.07) | 0.11 (.16) |
| Left middle temporal gyrus | −58, −38, 12 | 0.21 (.03) | 0.19 (.06) | 0.16 (.10) |
| Right middle temporal gyrus | 70, −18, −6 | 0.22 (.04) | 0.20 (.06) | 0.15 (.19) |
| Right superior temporal pole | 34, 10, −24 | 0.31 (.01) | 0.30 (.02) | 0.26 (.04) |
| Left superior temporal gyrus | −54, −38, 14 | 0.37 (.001) | 0.34 (.004) | 0.31 (.01) |
| Right superior temporal gyrus | 68, −18, −4 | 0.31 (.02) | 0.27 (.04) | 0.24 (.06) |
Notes: Corresponding coefficients (β) and p values are shown across three nested models. 3MSE = Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; DSST = digit symbol substitution test; TIA = transient ischemic attack.
*Model 1: general linear model adjusting for demographics (age, sex, race, education, and BMI).
†Model 2: based on Model 1, further adjusting for morbidities (cardiovascular disease, stroke or TIA, hypertension, diabetes, and CES-D score).
‡Model 3: based on Model 2, further adjusting for cognition (3MSE and DSST scores).
§The coefficient of 1 SD change of regional gray matter density on fast-paced walking speed and the corresponding p value.