Table 3.
Child and Case Characteristics Associated with Each Type of Placement Disruption
| Child-initiated HR(SE) |
Mismatch HR(SE) |
Substandard care HR(SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Child demographic characteristics | |||
| Age at time of removal | 1.25(0.02)*** | 0.98(0.01) | 0.97(0.01)* |
| Age at time of placement | |||
| Early childhood (0-5 years old) | a | 1 | 1 |
| Middle childhood (6-12 years old) | 1 | 3.79(0.33)*** | 1.27(0.11)** |
| Adolescent (13+ years old) | 7.64(1.01)*** | 7.23(0.84)*** | 1.45(0.22)* |
| Male | 0.73(0.05)*** | 1.08(0.04) | 0.94(0.04) |
| Race or ethnicity (Referent = Black) | |||
| White | 0.85(0.08) | 0.76(0.04)*** | 0.71(0.05)*** |
| Hispanic | 1.46(0.13)*** | 0.75(0.04)*** | 0.84(0.05)** |
| Other race | 0.79(0.14) | 0.93(0.09) | 0.81(0.08)* |
| Child risk factors | |||
| Cognitive or learning disability | 0.80(0.06)** | 1.35(0.06)*** | 1.34(0.08)*** |
| Physical disability | 0.33(0.10)*** | 0.73(0.09)* | 0.88(0.12) |
| Mental health problem | 0.95(0.17) | 1.09(0.06) | 1.31(0.11)** |
| Behavior problem or delinquency | 1.72(0.12)*** | 1.35(0.06)*** | 1.07(0.07) |
| Child’s case history | |||
| CPS history (Referent = no prior involvement) | |||
| Unsubstantiated/substantiated allegations | 1.09(0.08) | 1.33(0.07)*** | 1.13(0.06)* |
| Prior removal | 1.33(0.15)* | 1.56(0.11)*** | 1.38(0.12)*** |
| Total time in care (Referent = under 1 year) | |||
| 1 to 2 years | 0.85(0.08) | 0.85(0.06)* | 0.71(0.04)*** |
| Over 2 years | 1.65(0.13)*** | 1.17(0.07)** | 0.71(0.04)*** |
| Reasons for initial removal | |||
| Unable to provide care or child needs services |
1.11(0.08) | 1.16(0.05)*** | 0.87(0.04)** |
| Physical neglect | 0.93(0.07) | 1.06(0.05) | 1.07(0.05) |
| Sexual abuse | 0.78(0.08)* | 0.95(0.06) | 0.99(0.08) |
| Physical abuse | 0.90(0.08) | 1.01(0.05) | 0.98(0.05) |
| Need of supervision or caregiver substance abuse/mental health problems |
1.27(0.09)*** | 0.89(0.04)* | 1.12(0.07) |
| Emotional abuse | 0.94(0.14) | 1.09(0.11) | 1.24(0.16) |
| Placement characteristics | |||
| Placement setting (Referent = non-relative) | |||
| Shelter | 2.50(0.16)*** | 3.41(0.18)*** | 1.01(0.12) |
| Restrictive | 0.50(0.03)*** | 0.62(0.03)*** | 0.50(0.05)*** |
| Kinship | 0.63(0.06)*** | 0.56(0.04)*** | 1.18(0.07)** |
| Siblings (Reference = apart from siblings) | |||
| Placed with all known siblings | 0.53(0.06)*** | 0.79(0.04)*** | 1.13(0.06)* |
| No observed siblings | 1.50(0.10)*** | 1.11(0.05)* | 0.76(0.05)*** |
| Level of care (Referent = basic) | |||
| Unassigned | 1.01(0.11) | 0.66(0.07)*** | 0.79(0.06)** |
| Specialized/moderate | 1.11(0.07) | 2.11(0.10)*** | 1.21(0.08)** |
| Intense/psychiatric | 0.55(0.10)** | 2.69(0.24)*** | 1.48(0.34) |
Notes: Exponentiated coefficients are presented. Reference categories for variables with more than 2 categories are marked with 1s. CPS = child protective services. Reasons for removal are not mutually exclusive.
a
We considered children under age 5 to be unable to initiate their own leave from care.
*
p < .05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.