Table 4.

Risk of Child-Initiated Disruptions by Age Groups

	Middle childhood HR(SE)	Adolescence HR(SE)
Child demographic characteristics
Age at time of removal	2.01(0.15)***	1.19(0.02)***
Male	0.55(0.13)*	0.73(0.05)***
Race or ethnicity (Referent = Black)
White	0.71(0.23)	0.85(0.08)
Hispanic	1.27(0.37)	1.47(0.13)***
Other race	0.21(0.22)	0.82(0.15)
Child risk factors
Cognitive or learning disability	1.13(0.30)	0.76 (0.06)***
Physical disability	0.53(0.56)	0.35(0.11)***
Mental health problem	1.09(0.34)	0.93(0.07)
Behavior problem or delinquency	1.25(0.34)	1.78 (0.13)***
Child’s case history
CPS history (Referent = no prior involvement)
Unsubstantiated/substantiated allegations	1.16(0.34)	1.07(0.08)
Prior removal	1.56(0.59)	1.26(0.14)*
Total time in care (Referent = under 1 year)
1 to 2 years	0.42(0.14)**	0.91(0.09)
Over 2 years	0.76(0.21)	1.76 (0.14)***
Reasons for initial removal
Unable to provide care or child needs services	0.79(0.20)	1.129(0.08)
Physical neglect	0.69(0.18)	0.95(0.07)
Sexual abuse	0.58(0.22)	0.78(0.08)*
Physical abuse	1.08(0.29)	0.85(0.08)
Need of supervision or caregiver substance  abuse/mental health problems	0.90(0.25)	1.29(0.09)***
Emotional abuse	0.45(0.35)	0.97(0.14)
Placement characteristics
Placement setting (Referent = non-relative)
Shelter	1.73(0.59)	2.59(0.17)***
Restrictive	0.21(0.09)***	0.51(0.03)***
Kinship	0.48(0.20)	0.65(0.06)***
Siblings (Referent = placed apart from siblings)
Placed with all known siblings	0.43(0.13)**	0.55 (0.06)
No observed siblings	1.25(0.35)	1.52 (0.11)
Level of care (Referent = basic)
Unassigned	0.55(0.31)	1.05(0.12)
Specialized/moderate	1.46(0.40)	1.09(0.06)
Intense/psychiatric	1.47(1.63)	0.53 (0.10)***

Notes:

^*p < .05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.

Exponentiated coefficients are presented.