Table 2.
Associations between race/ethnicity and symptoms, likelihood of current COVID-19 infection, estimates of the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic, knowledge, stigma, and interest in participating in research studies among participants in a web-based, cross-sectional survey conducted from March 27 through April 1, 2020 (N=1435).
| Variable | Total (N=1435), n (%) |
Asian (n=52, 3.6%), n (%) |
Hispanic (n=548, 38.2%), n (%) |
Non-Hispanic Black (n=158, 11.0%), n (%) |
Non-Hispanic White (n=587, 40.9%), n (%) |
Other/multiple race (n=90, 6.3%), n (%) |
P valuea | |
| Symptoms in last 24 hours | ||||||||
|
|
Fever | 35 (2.4) | 1 (1.9) | 10 (1.8) | 6 (3.8) | 13 (2.2) | 5 (5.6) | >.99 |
|
|
Cough | 328 (22.9) | 9 (17.3) | 119 (21.7) | 30 (19.0) | 159 (27.1) | 11 (12.2) | .07 |
|
|
Sneezing | 322 (22.4) | 11 (21.2) | 124 (22.6) | 37 (23.4) | 129 (22.0) | 21 (23.3) | >.99 |
|
|
Sore throat | 214 (14.9) | 3 (5.8) | 99 (18.1) | 9 (5.7) | 95 (16.2) | 8 (8.9) | .003 |
|
|
Headache | 311 (21.7) | 10 (19.2) | 110 (20.1) | 43 (27.2) | 127 (21.6) | 21 (23.3) | >.99 |
|
|
Shortness of breath | 94 (6.6) | 3 (5.8) | 31 (5.7) | 5 (3.2) | 47 (8.0) | 8 (8.9) | >.99 |
|
|
Diarrhea | 108 (7.5) | 3 (5.8) | 42 (7.7) | 9 (5.7) | 47 (8.0) | 7 (7.8) | >.99 |
|
|
Myalgia | 103 (7.2) | 2 (3.9) | 36 (6.6) | 7 (4.4) | 54 (9.2) | 4 (4.4) | >.99 |
|
|
Feeling of being unwell | 175 (12.2) | 8 (15.4) | 69 (12.6) | 17 (10.8) | 70 (11.9) | 11 (12.2) | >.99 |
|
|
No symptoms | 635 (44.3) | 23 (44.2) | 246 (44.9) | 75 (47.5) | 251 (42.8) | 40 (44.4) | >.99 |
| COVID-19b likelihoodc | .002 | |||||||
|
|
Very unlikely | 356 (25.0) | 8 (15.7) | 129 (23.7) | 37 (23.6) | 157 (27.1) | 25 (27.8) |
|
|
|
Unlikely | 661 (46.5) | 32 (62.8) | 223 (41.0) | 66 (42.0) | 302 (52.1) | 38 (42.2) |
|
|
|
Somewhat likely | 324 (22.8) | 9 (17.7) | 149 (27.4) | 41 (26.1) | 103 (17.8) | 22 (24.4) |
|
|
|
Likely | 47 (3.3) | 2 (3.9) | 24 (4.4) | 10 (6.4) | 9 (1.6) | 2 (2.2) |
|
|
|
Very likely | 34 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (3.5) | 3 (1.9) | 9 (1.6) | 3 (3.3) |
|
| Estimated number of current casesd | .004 | |||||||
|
|
<1000 | 28 (2.0) | 1 (1.9) | 14 (2.6) | 4 (2.5) | 9 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) |
|
|
|
1000-9999 | 496 (34.6) | 17 (32.7) | 215 (39.2) | 72 (45.6) | 157 (26.8) | 35 (38.9) |
|
|
|
10,000-99,999 | 113 (7.9) | 2 (3.9) | 50 (9.1) | 9 (5.7) | 45 (7.7) | 7 (7.8) |
|
|
|
100,000-499,999 | 458 (31.9) | 18 (34.6) | 161 (29.4) | 43 (27.2) | 209 (35.6) | 27 (30.0) |
|
|
|
500,000-999,999 | 139 (9.7) | 3 (5.8) | 52 (9.5) | 8 (5.1) | 69 (11.8) | 7 (7.8) |
|
|
|
≥1,000,000 | 201 (14.0) | 11 (21.2) | 56 (10.2) | 22 (13.9) | 98 (16.7) | 14 (15.6) |
|
| Estimated number of deathsc | >.99 | |||||||
|
|
Fewer than 1000 | 55 (4.0) | 2 (4.0) | 20 (3.9) | 8 (5.1) | 20 (3.6) | 5 (6.0) |
|
|
|
1000-10,000 | 266 (19.5) | 8 (16.0) | 82 (15.8) | 38 (24.2) | 125 (22.6) | 13 (15.5) |
|
|
|
10,001-100,000 | 478 (35.0) | 16 (32.0) | 184 (35.4) | 54 (34.4) | 194 (35.0) | 30 (35.7) |
|
|
|
100,000-1,000,000 | 430 (31.5) | 17 (34.0) | 186 (35.8) | 48 (30.6) | 152 (27.4) | 27 (32.1) |
|
|
|
≥1,000,000 | 136 (10.0) | 7 (14.0) | 48 (9.2) | 9 (5.7) | 63 (11.4) | 9 (10.7) |
|
| Knowledge index | .002 | |||||||
|
|
<12 | 418 (29.1) | 13 (25.0) | 196 (35.8) | 61 (38.6) | 116 (19.8) | 32 (35.6) |
|
|
|
12-13 | 675 (47.0) | 26 (50.0) | 244 (44.5) | 72 (45.6) | 291 (49.6) | 42 (46.7) |
|
|
|
14 | 342 (23.8) | 13 (25.0) | 108 (19.7) | 25 (15.8) | 180 (30.7) | 16 (17.8) |
|
| Stigma indexc | .09 | |||||||
|
|
0 | 722 (53.4) | 31 (62.0) | 242 (47.1) | 71 (48.6) | 329 (59.2) | 49 (56.3) |
|
|
|
1-2 | 525 (38.8) | 16 (32.0) | 221 (43.0) | 65 (44.5) | 191 (34.4) | 32 (36.8) |
|
|
|
≥3 | 106 (7.8) | 3 (6.0) | 51 (9.9) | 10 (6.9) | 36 (6.5) | 6 (6.9) |
|
| Interest in learning about another studyc | >.99 | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 954 (76.5) | 35 (72.9) | 352 (78.4) | 94 (71.2) | 416 (76.5) | 57 (77.0) |
|
|
|
No | 293 (23.5) | 13 (27.1) | 97 (21.6) | 38 (28.8) | 128 (23.5) | 17 (23.0) |
|
aHolm Bonferroni P value to correct for multiple comparisons; results were considered statistically significant if corrected P<.05.
bCOVID-19: coronavirus disease.
cCategory total does not sum to the column total due to missing data.
dValues greater than the population of the United States (328 million) were excluded. At the beginning of the study period (March 27, 2020), there were 107,000 cumulative confirmed cases in the United States. At the end of the study period (April 1, 2020), there were 213,400 cumulative confirmed cases in the United States.