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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2020 Mar 27;120(8):3749–3786. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00717

Table 2.

Reported fuel cell systems using V-based mediators for O2 reduction.

Anode Cathode
fuel catalyst mediator mediator catalyst ref
H2 Pt – VO2+/VO2+ HCl 75
– – V2+/V3+ NOx 79
H2 Pt Ti3+/TiO2+ 80
CH4, ethylene glycol, coal Pt Fe2+/Fe3+ 82–84
biomass – Fe2+/Fe3+ 85, 86
sugars Pt V3+/VO2+ Pt 81
H2 Pt H4SiW12O40 POM 76–78
Pt – V-containing POM 63, 95–102,104
Pt/C AQ 105
sugars POM Fe2+/Fe3+ 110
biomass POM 107, 111, 112
alcohols 108
lignin 113
coal 109