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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 22.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2020 Mar 27;120(8):3749–3786. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00717

Table 7.

Mediated anode systems utilizing chemical catalysts. In all cases, the oxidant used is O₂.

Anode			Cathode
fuel	catalyst	mediator	mediator	catalyst	ref
H₂	Pd	Ti³⁺/TiO²⁺	Br⁻/Br₂	NO_x	40
	Pt/Al₂O₃	Ti³⁺/TiO²⁺	VO²⁺/VO₂⁺		80
	Pd/Al₂O₃	Fe(EDTA)²⁻/Fe(EDTA)⁻			80
	Pt/Al₂O₃	Mo³⁺/Mo⁴⁺			79
		H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀			79
		H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀		POM	63
	Pt/C	AQ	POM		105
alcohols, sugars or lignin	–	AQ	–	–	166–168
sugars	POM	Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺	POM		110
methane, alcohols	Pt		VO²⁺/VO₂⁺	NO_x	82–83
biomass	–			NO_x	84–86
sugars	Pt	V³⁺/VO²⁺		Pt	81, 169
sugars	–	viologen	–	Co	171–175, 177
biomass	POM		–	Pt/C	113, 159
alcohols			POM		107
coal					109
biomass					111, 112