Table 1.
Summary of baseline characteristics, stratified by TTE-derived pheno-groupings.
| Overall | Phenogroup I | Phenogroup II | Phenogroup III | Phenogroup IV | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=1000 | 85 (9%) | 314 (31%) | 205 (21%) | 396 (40%) | p value | |
| Age (y) | 67±11 | 67±11 | 71±11 | 68±10 | 63±10 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 816 (82%) | 67 (79%) | 265 (84%) | 181 (88%) | 303 (77%) | 0.002 |
| Race (non white) | 401 (40%) | 30(35%) | 116(37%) | 80 (39%) | 175 (44%) | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28±5 | 29±7 | 27±5 | 29±5 | 29±5 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history and Behavior risk factosr | ||||||
| Hypertension | 704 (71%) | 61 (72%) | 214 (68%) | 149 (73%) | 280 (71%) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes | 260 (26%) | 26 (31%) | 63 (20%) | 65 (32%) | 106 (27%) | 0.014 |
| CHF | 178 (18%) | 22 (26%) | 65 (21%) | 46 (23%) | 45 (11%) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 143 (14%) | 11 (13%) | 47 (15%) | 33 (16%) | 52 (13%) | 0.72 |
| Myocardial infarction | 537 (54%) | 53 (63%) | 187 (60%) | 124 (61%) | 173 (44%) | <0.0001 |
| Revascularization | 587 (59%) | 56 (67%) | 209 (67%) | 130 (64%) | 192 (49%) | <0.0001 |
| Physically inactive | 363 (36%) | 38 (45%) | 116 (37%) | 67 (33%) | 142 (36%) | 0.31 |
| Smoking | 196 (20%) | 23 (27%) | 42 (13%) | 42 (21%) | 89 (23%) | 0.005 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 71±22 | 62±24 | 66±21 | 69±22 | 77±22 | <0.0001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 104±34 | 99±35 | 100±33 | 108±33 | 107±34 | <0.01 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46±14 | 46±15 | 46±14 | 46±13 | 45±14 | 0.72 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178±42 | 173±47 | 172±42 | 181±39 | 181±42 | 0.017 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 175 (73 453) | 478 (184 1103) | 296 (136 751) | 204 (99 465) | 94 (41 200) | <0.0001 |
| hs-cTroponin T (pg/mL) | 5.7 (0 13.4) | 9.9 (4.1 20.3) | 6.7 (0.2 16.2) | 8.3 (0.2 15.3) | 8.3 (0.2 15.3) | <0.0001 |
| CRP (ug/mL) | 3.4 (1.6 8.9) | 3.7 (1.8 12.5) | 3.5 (1.6 9.0) | 3.6 (1.8 9.5) | 3.2 (1.5 8.5) | 0.28 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Medications Beta blocker | 578 (59%) | 48 (58%) | 198 (63%) | 113 (55%) | 219 (56%) | 0.19 |
| ACE-inhibitor | 512 (52%) | 59 (72%) | 163 (52%) | 111 (54%) | 179 (46%) | <0.0001 |
| Statin | 640 (65%) | 52 (63%) | 215 (69%) | 134 (65%) | 239 (62%) | 0.24 |
| Aspirin | 723 (73%) | 49 (59%) | 233 (75%) | 153 (75%) | 288 (74%) | 0.026 |
| TTE measurements | ||||||
| LAVI | 33±12 | 39±13 | 38±15 | 31±11 | 29±8 | <0.0001 |
| RAVI | 23±10 | 30±13 | 26±12 | 21±9 | 21±8 | <0.0001 |
| MR | ||||||
| None to trace | 812 (81%) | 54 (64%) | 157 (50%) | 205 (100%) | 396 (100%) | |
| Mild | 179 (18%) | 27 (32%) | 152 (48%) | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Moderate or severe | 9 (1%) | 4 (5%) | 5 (2%) | 0 | 0 | |
| PASP | 32±9 | 41±15 | 34±10 | 31±7 | 29±6 | <0.0001 |
| TR | ||||||
| None to trace | 784 (78%) | 56 (66%) | 127 (40%) | 205 (100%) | 396 (100%) | |
| Mild | 206 (21%) | 24 (28%) | 182 (58%) | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Moderate or severe | 10 (1%) | 5 (6%) | 5 (2%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Right atrial pressure | 5.3±1.4 | 8.6±3.7 | 5±0 | 5±0 | 5±0 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic Function | ||||||
| Normal | 604 (64%) | 36 (51%) | 164 (58%) | 54 (27%) | 350 (90%) | |
| Impaired relaxation | 224 (24%) | 11 (15%) | 69 (24%) | 107 (54%) | 37 (10%) | <0.0001 |
| Pseudonormal or restrictive | 110 (12%) | 24 (34%) | 50 (18%) | 36 (18%) | 0 | |
| LVEDVI | 52±18 | 65±32 | 57±17 | 54±19 | 44±10 | <0.0001 |
| LVESVI | 22±16 | 40±39 | 24±12 | 22±13 | 15±4 | <0.0001 |
| LVMI | 100±34 | 119±78 | 102±27 | 109±32 | 89±17 | <0.0001 |
| Wall motion score Index | 1.2±0.4 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.3±0.5 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.0±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| VTIRVOT | 0.19±0.04 | 0.20±0.05 | 0.19±0.04 | 0.19±0.04 | 0.21±0.04 | <0.0001 |
| VTILVOT | 0.22±0.05 | 0.22±0.09 | 0.21±0.05 | 0.21±0.04 | 0.23±0.04 | <0.0001 |
| LVEF | 62±10 | 54±16 | 59±10 | 61±10 | 66±5 | <0.0001 |
| Aortic valve area | 2.5±0.6 | 2.3±0.7 | 2.4±0.7 | 2.5±0.7 | 2.6±0.5 | 0.004 |
| Heart Failure Index | 3.2±2.0 | 4.4±2.1 | 3.9±2.0 | 3.7±1.6 | 2.2±1.7 | <0.0001 |
Data are summarized as N (%) for categorical variables. Continuous variables are summarized as mean ± SD or median (IQR).
Abbreviations: TTE = transthoracic echocardiography; BMI = body mass index; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL = low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; hs-cTroponinT = high sensitivity cardiac troponin T; CRP = C-reactive protein; ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme.
Data are summarized as N (%) for categorical variables; Continuous variables are summarized as mean ± SD or median (IQR).
Abbreviations: LAVI = left atrial end-systolic volume index; RAVI = right atrial end-systolic volume index; MR = mitral regurgitation; PASP= Pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR = tricuspid regurgitation; LVEDVI = left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI = left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LVMI = left ventricular mass index; VTILVOT = left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral; VTIRVOT= right ventricular outflow tract velocity– time integral; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction.