Abstract
目的
了解替代供者(AD)移植一线治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(AA)的疗效及安全性。
方法
回顾性分析2010年4月1日至2016年12月31日在上海儿童医学中心一线接受AD移植治疗的AA患儿临床资料,统计分析总生存(OS)率、植入成功率、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生率等指标。
结果
共纳入109例患者,极重型AA(VSAA)32例,重型AA(SAA)64例,非重型AA(NSAA)伴输血依赖13例,中位年龄6(0.8~18)岁,其中44例患者接受全相合无关供者(MUD)移植,44例接受8–9/10位点不全相合无关供者(MMUD)移植,21例接受不全相合亲缘供者(MMRD)移植,所有患者均接受以外周血干细胞(PBSC)为主的移植,≥3个位点不合的单倍型移植加第三方脐血(UCB)一份。所有患者移植前均未接受过抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)治疗,并排除活动性感染。106例(97.2%)获造血重建,中性粒细胞中位重建时间为13(9~19)d,血小板中位重建时间为16(10~81)d。死亡13例,5年OS率为88.1%(95%CI 81.1%~91.4%),MUD、MMUD及MMRD三组患者OS率差异无统计学意义(P=0.361)。总体急性GVHD(aGVHD)及Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率分别为74.3%和39.4%,总体慢性GVHD(cGVHD)和中度cGVHD发生率分别为30.7%和9.9%,无一例患者发生重度cGVHD。
结论
对于无同胞全相合供者的SAA/VSAA患儿,早期一线接受AD移植可能是一个选择,但需要进一步探索更有效的预防及治疗GVHD的措施。
Keywords: 替代供者, 再生障碍性贫血, 儿童, 异基因造血干细胞移植
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the efficacy of alternative donor (AD) in the treatment of aplastic anemia (AA) in children.
Methods
The clinical data of AA children who received AD HSCT in our center from Apr. 2010 to Dec. 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall survival (OS) rate, implant success rate, incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were statistically analyzed.
Results
A total of 109 children with acquired AA, including 64 severe AA (SAA), 32 very severe AA (VSAA) and 13 transfusion dependent non-severe AA (NSAA), were recruited in this retrospective AD HSCT study, the median age was 6 (0.8–18) years old. Of them, 44 patients with 10/10 matched unrelated donor (MUD), 44 patients with mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) and 21 patients with mismatched related donor (MMRD). All patients did not receive ATG before HSCT and the active infection was excluded. Except 3 patients suffered from a second graft failure (2 of them rescued by second HSCT), 106/109 (97.2%) were engrafted with neutrophil and platelet recovery occurring at a median of 13 days (range, 9–19) and 16 days (range, 10–81) post-transplant. Until day 100 post transplantation, the incidence was 74.3% (81/109) for acute GVHD (aGVHD) and 39.4% (43/109) for grade Ⅱ–Ⅳ aGVHD, 30.7% (31/101) and 9.9% (10/101) for overall chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and moderate cGVHD, respectively, and nobody developed an extend cGVHD. After median follow up of 39 (0.7–103) months for all patients, 13 of 109 patients died. The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 88.1% (95%CI 81.1%–91.4%) with no difference among the MUD, MMUD and MMRD cohort (93.2%, 84.1% and 85.7%, respectively, P=0.361).
Conclusion
These excellent outcomes suggest that unmanipulated AD PBSC is a good HSCT source for children with SAA. It's reasonable to consider AD HSCT as first line therapy for SAA children without matched sibling donor. Better strategies are required to prevent GVHD.
Keywords: Alternative donor, Aplastic anemia, Children, Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
再生障碍性贫血(AA)是一组由多种原因导致的获得性骨髓造血衰竭综合征[1]。异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)可快速重建AA患者造血及免疫功能,同胞全相合供者(MSD)移植治疗AA长期生存率可达90%[1]。但由于我国MSD不足20%,替代供者(AD)已成为重要的供者来源。为了解我中心AD移植疗效,我们回顾性分析了我中心一线接受AD移植的AA患者临床资料,现报道如下。
病例与方法
1.病例资料:回顾性分析2010年4月1日至2016年12月31日我院未接受抗胸腺/淋巴细胞球蛋白(ATG/ALG)治疗而直接接受AD移植的AA患儿资料,诊断及分型参照文献[2]–[3]标准。排除移植前存在活动性感染患儿。
2.预处理方案:采用减低强度非清髓性预处理方案:氟达拉滨(Flu)36~40 mg·m−2·d−1,−7~−3 d;环磷酰胺(CTX)60 mg·kg−1·d−1,−3~−2 d;ATG 3.3 mg·kg−1·d−1,−4~−2 d;HLA≥1个位点不相合或移植前输注红细胞及血小板超过15 U的患儿加用全身照射(TBI)3 Gy。
3.供者来源及造血干细胞回输:无关供者移植(URD-HSCT)88例(80.7%),不全相合亲缘供者移植(MMRD-HSCT)21例(19.3%);HLA高分辨全相合44例(40.4%),1~2个位点不合51例(46.8%),3~5个位点不合14例(12.8%)。干细胞来源以外周血干细胞为主,其中≥3个位点不合的单倍型移植于−1 d加用一份第三方脐血(UCB)。回输有核细胞中位数12.1(4.4~31.6)×108/kg、CD34+细胞中位数5.13(1.76~16.80)×106/kg、CD3+细胞中位数24.5(8.7~75.0)×107/kg。
4.移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防:常规采用环孢素A(CsA)+短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)预防GVHD,≥3个位点不合单倍型移植在此基础上加用霉酚酸酯(MMF)。急性GVHD(aGVHD)诊断及分型采用西雅图标准[4],慢性GVHD(cGVHD)的诊断及分级采用美国国立卫生研究院标准[5]。
5.疗效评价及随访:连续3 d ANC>0.5×109/L的第1天为粒系重建时间,连续7 d不输注血小板PLT>20×109/L的第1天为血小板重建时间。输血依赖定义参照IWG-MRT标准或Rand-Delphi定义[6]–[7]。继发植入失败定义为植入成功后再次发生血象两系或三系下降且供者嵌合率<5%,植入物功能不良指移植28 d后血象两系或三系下降且呈完全供者嵌合状态。所有患者均纳入随访,主要采用门诊复查或电话随访,随访截至2018年12月31日,主要随访血象、急慢性GVHD、嵌合率等指标。总生存(OS)时间为移植当天至死亡(任何原因)或随访终点的时间。
6.统计学处理:采用SPSS 22.0进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料,采用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验或方差分析;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(范围)表示,组间比较采用非参数检验。分类资料采用频数(百分比)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,Log-rank进行单因素比较,Cox回归进行多因素分析。
结果
1.患者特征:共109例AA患者纳入分析,男64例(58.7%),女45例(41.3%),中位年龄6(0.8~18)岁。其中极重型AA(VSAA)32例(29.4%),重型AA(SAA)64例(58.7%),非重型AA(NSAA)13例(11.9%)。起病至移植中位时间为5(1~96)个月,移植前输注红细胞10(0~100)U,输注血小板14(0.5~85)U,NSAA患者均伴输血依赖。
2.造血重建情况:97.2%(106/109)的患者成功植入,中性粒细胞中位重建时间为13(9~19)d,血小板中位重建时间为16(10~81)d,PLT≥50×109/L的中位时间为17(10~91)d。3例患者于移植后4个月内继发植入失败后接受二次移植,其中2例无病存活至今,无一例患者出现植入物功能不良。
3.生存分析:所有患者中位随访39(0.7~103)个月,5年OS率为88.1%(95%CI 81.1%~91.4%)。96例患者获得长期无病生存,存活患者中位随访44.5(24~103)个月;13例(11.9%)患者死亡,中位死亡时间为2.9(0.7~9)个月,8例(61.5%)在移植后3个月内死亡。死亡原因依次为EBV感染相关疾病[包括移植后淋巴组织增殖性疾病(PTLD)和EBV脑炎](4例)、Ⅳ度aGVHD(4例)、重症感染(2例)、肝静脉闭塞综合征(VOD)(1例),恶性心律失常(1例)、多脏器功能衰竭(1例),其中1例患者死于二次移植后EBV脑炎。
URD-HSCT与MMRD-HSCT两组患者OS率分别为88.6%(95%CI 83.3%~92.8%)、85.7%(95%CI 78.4%~92.9%),差异无统计学意义(P=0.732)。URD-HSCT组中,根据供受者位点相合情况分成全相合(MUD)及不全相合(MMUD)组,两组OS率分别为93.2%(95%CI 89.6%~96.8%)、84.1%(95%CI 78.8%~89.4%),三组差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.361)。单因素分析患者移植前病程、供者类型、位点相合情况对OS的影响,结果见表1,未发现影响OS的相关因素。
表1. 影响替代供者移植治疗儿童获得性再生障碍性贫血总生存的单因素分析.
| 影响因素 | 总生存率(%) | 95%CI | P值 | |
| 诊断至移植时间 | 0.164 | |||
| ≤6个月 | 91.3 | 88.1~94.6 | ||
| >6个月 | 82.5 | 77.8~88.3 | ||
| 供者类型 | 0.361 | |||
| 全相合无关供者 | 93.2 | 89.6~96.8 | ||
| 不全相合无关供者 | 84.1 | 78.8~89.4 | ||
| 不全相合亲缘供者 | 85.7 | 78.4~92.9 | ||
| HLA位点相合数 | 0.363 | |||
| 10/10 | 93.2 | 89.6~96.8 | ||
| 8~9/10 | 84.3 | 79.4~89.2 | ||
| 5~7/10 | 85.7 | 76.7~94.7 | ||
4.急、慢性GVHD发生率及影响因素:至移植后100 d,共有81例(74.3%)患儿发生aGVHD,其中Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD 43例(39.4%),Ⅲ~Ⅳ度aGVHD 11例(10.1%)。8例患者于移植后3个月内死亡,不记入cGVHD统计,至末次随访,101例患者中31例(28.4%)发生cGVHD,其中10例(9.9%)为中度cGVHD,无一例发生重度cGVHD,也无一例因cGVHD死亡。
Ⅲ~Ⅳ度aGVHD组患者OS率明显低于0~Ⅱ度aGVHD组[63.6%(95%CI 49.7%~77.5%)对88.8%(95%CI 83.7%~91.9%),P=0.014];中、重度cGVHD患者与无或轻度cGVHD患者OS率差异无统计学意义[100.0%对96.7%(95%CI 94.9%~98.5%),P=0.581]。URD与MMRD组Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD(40.9%对33.3%,P=0.523)、中度cGVHD发生率(12.2%对0,P=0.125)差异均无统计学意义,MUD组Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率明显低于MMUD组(27.3%对52.5%,P=0.009)。
讨论
近些年来AD治疗AA的疗效显著提高,来自于我国其他移植中心和亚太地区的报道表明AD和MSD移植疗效相当[8]–[10]。本组患者中,AD移植总体OS率达88.1%,与国际上MSD移植疗效报道相当[11]–[12]。本组患者MUD组OS率略高于MMUD组及MMRD组,但差异无统计学意义(93.2%、84.1%、85.7%,P=0.361),而三组患者的Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD及中度cGVHD发生率差异亦无统计学意义。目前国内尚缺乏大宗儿童AA接受AD移植的报道,但国内成人AA的研究显示:AD移植的OS率为63%~89%,年龄较轻者均明显优于高龄者[9], [13]–[14]。故我们认为,儿童患者在没有MSD情况下,早期一线接受AD移植是一个较为合理的选择。
感染仍然是SAA/VSAA最主要的死亡原因之一。因此,对于那些缺乏MSD的SAA/VSAA患儿,一旦确诊,早期直接接受AD移植可能是较为合理的选择。同样有研究表明,移植前病程长者预后相对更差[15],尽管在本组患者中暂未发现移植前病程对OS的影响,但通常病程长者由于其重要脏器处于长期贫血状态、反次多次输血可导致铁过载、长期的药物治疗亦可致重要脏器功能损害,从而增加移植风险。
由于AA移植通常不需要采用清髓性预处理方案,因此相比白血病远期影响较小,来自美国的200多例移植后长期生存的AA患者随访资料表明:移植后2年有83%,移植后20年有90%患者均能回归社会,参与正常工作、学习[16]。近些年来,多个中心均建议把AD移植治疗AA的指征放宽[17]–[18]。
目前,AD移植面临的两大主要困境还是植入失败和GVHD。在本组患者中,植入成功率达97.2%,仅有3例患儿出现继发植入失败,在经过二次挽救移植后,仍有2例患者无病存活。本组患者Ⅲ~Ⅳ度GVHD发生率为11%,基本与国际报道一致[19]。近些年来体外去除TCRαβ+/CD45RA+ T/CD19细胞移植似乎有着相当不错的前景[20]–[21]。
综上所述,本中心认为,对于那些无MSD的SAA/VSAA患者,早期一线接受AD移植可能是一个比较合理的选择。当然,我们仍需要进一步探索更有效的预防和治疗GVHD的方法。
Funding Statement
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金 (81800118、81600094); 申康新兴前沿联合攻关项目 (SHDC12014118)
Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (81800118, 81600094); Shenkang New Frontier Joint Research Project (SHDC12014118)
Footnotes
临床试验注册:中国临床试验注册中心,ChiCTR-ONC-14004488
Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-ONC-14004488
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