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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Chronic Pain Manag. 2020 Jun 1;4:125. doi: 10.29011/2576-957x.100025

Table 1:

Description of Sample Characteristics Adults with hypertension or Cardiovascular diseases Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2015.

N Wt. %
ALL 8,279 100.0
Anti-Hypertensive Medications
Beta-blockers 1,917 24.2
Other Antihypertensive medications 3,451 41.9
No Antihypertensive Medications 2,911 33.9
Cognitive Impairment
Yes 1,496 18.1
No 6,783 81.9
Pain Interference with Normal Activities
Pain
No Pain 3,290 40.8
A Little bit 2,116 26.8
Moderate 1,164 14.2
Severe 1,141 12.7
Extreme 457 4.5
Biological Factors
Sex
Female 4,489 50.8
Male 3,790 49.2
Race/Ethnicity
White 3,855 67.6
African American 1,950 13.6
Latino 1,728 11.6
Other race 746 7.3
Age
21-44 years 1,778 20.3
45-54 years 1,615 18.8
55-64 years 2,042 24.0
65 years and older 2,844 37.0
Socio-economic Factors
Poverty Status
Poor 1,526 11.3
Near Poor 1,877 18.7
Middle Income 2,404 28.2
High Income 2,472 41.8
Education
Less than High School 1,673 13.3
High School 2,673 31.8
Greater than High School 3,869 54.3
Socio-cultural Factors
Marital Status
Married 4,234 58.8
Widowed 982 11.0
Divorced/Separated 1,625 16.4
Not Married 1,438 13.8
Behavioral Factors
Body Mass Index
Underweight 82 1.0
Normal 1,761 22.3
Over 2,673 33.0
Obese 3,642 42.4
Current Smoking
Current Smoker 1,311 15.1
Other 6,768 82.7
Exercise
5/week 3,548 44.9
No exercise 4,688 54.6
Access to Healthcare
Insurance Coverage
Public 4,639 65.6
Private 2,952 28.6
Uninsured 688 5.9
Prescription Coverage
Yes 3,739 52.9
No 4,540 47.1
Health Status (Chronic Conditions)
Asthma
Yes 1,141 12.9
No 7,137 87.1
COPD
Yes 732 9.8
No 7,547 90.2
Cancer
Yes 861 12.9
No 7,418 87.1
Diabetes Mellitus
Yes 2,212 24.2
No 6,066 75.8
Mental Health Condition
Yes 2,094 26.9
No 6,185 73.1
Hypercholesterolemia
Yes 4,674 58.1
No 3,601 41.9
Arthritis
Yes 4,771 58.6
No 3,507 41.4
External Environment
Region
Northeast 1,258 17.0
Midwest 1,670 22.1
South 3,443 39.7
West 1,908 21.2

Note: Based on 8,279 adults age 18 years or older, who participated in the survey in 2015, observed during the entire calendar year and reported having hypertension or cardiovascular diseases.

COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Wt. %: Weighted Percentage.