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Engineered 2D neuromuscular tissues. Conventional approaches for engineering neuromuscular tissues in vitro entailed mixed co-cultures (center). New advances to improve the architecture and assaying capabilities of 2D neuromuscular tissues include microfabricated surfaces (top), compartmentalized culture devices (right), and integration of optogenetics (left). ChR2, channelrhodopsin-2; ECM, extracellular matrix; PA, polyacrylamide; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; UV, ultraviolet.
