Table 3.

Isoenergetic short/medium-term studies on the effects of dietary carbohydrate quality and quantity, and of dietary fat amount on postprandial lipemia.

Reference	Study population	Study design	Intervention					Duration	Challenge	Outcomes postprandial TAG increment
				CHO %TEI	Sugars %TEI	Fiber g/day	Fats %TEI
(45)	10 Healthy W	Randomized cross-over	Low-CHO	10	3	12	60	4 weeks	Oral fat tolerance test	High-CHO equal to low-CHO
			High-CHO	55	25	20	25
(12)	10 T2D M	Randomized cross-over	High-MUFA	40	17	26	45	6 weeks	Oral fat tolerance test	High-CHO equal to low-CHO
			High-CHO	55	23	36	30
(46)	88 M/W dyslipidaemia and/or IR	Cross-over	Low-MUFA	49	18	22	37	7 weeks	High-fat test meal	Low-MUFA equal to high-MUFA equal to high-CHO
			High-MUFA	49	18	22	36
			High-CHO	54	19	34	30
(47)	12 T2D	Randomized cross-over	High-MUFA	45	n.r.	25	40	6 weeks	High-fat test meal	High-MUFA equal to high-CHO
			High-CHO	55	n.r.	25	30
(48)	8 post-obese 10 healthy W	Randomized cross-over	Low-CHO	41	2	32	46	2 weeks	Breakfast, lunch and dinner with the same composition of the followed diet	Low-CHO greater than high-sugar and high-starch
			High-starch	59	2	22	28
			High- sugar	59	23	20	18
(49)	18 T2D	Randomized cross-over	High-MUFA	45	10	16	37	4 weeks	Test-meal with the same composition of the followed diet	High-MUFA greater than high-fiber
			High-fiber	52	10	54	30
(50)	45 T2D	Randomized parallel groups	High-MUFA	40	10	16	42	8 weeks	Test-meal with the same composition of the followed diet	High-MUFA greater than high-fiber
			High-fiber	53	10	52	28
(51)	65 M/W MetS	Randomized parallel groups	Whole-grain	51	n.r.	20	32	12 weeks	Test-meal with the same composition of the followed diet	Refined-grain greater than whole-grain
			Refined-grain	50	n.r.	40	33

CHO, carbohydrates; TEI, total energy intake; TAG, triglyceride; W, women; T2D, type 2 diabetes; M, men; IR, Insulin Resistance; n.r., not reported; MetS, Metabolic Syndrome.