Table 3.

Meta-analysed effects on peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference expressed as population mean effects in control and exercise groups, and as modifying effects of exercise duration, baseline, and dietary co-intervention.

	$\text{V}{\text{O}}_{2\text{peak}}^{\text{b}}$			BMIc			Waist circumferenced
	Mean (%)	90% CL (%)	Magnitude	Mean (%)	90% CL (%)	Magnitude	Mean (%)	90% CL (%)	Magnitude
Population mean effectsa
Control group	1.0	−2.3, 4.4	Trivialooo	0.7	−0.2, 1.7	Trivial0000	0.8	−1.2, 2.8	Trivial00
Moderate exercise	18.4	11.2, 26.1	Moderate↑****	−0.9	−2.0, 0.3	Trivial0000	−1.6	−3.7, 0.5	Trivial00
Vigorous exercise	24.2	18.5, 30.1	Moderate↑****	−2.6	−3.6, −1.7	Trivial000	−3.4	−5.3, −1.5	Small↓**
Moderate—control group	17.2	9.7, 25.3	Moderate↑***	−1.6	−2.9, −0.2	Trivial0000	−2.4	−4.1, −0.6	Small↓*
Vigorous—control group	22.9	16.9, 29.2	Moderate↑****	−3.3	−4.5, −2.2	Trivial00	−4.2	−6.0, −2.3	Small↓**
Modifying effects
Baseline in control group	4.9	−1.4, 11.6	Trivial0	1.3	−1.2, 3.9	Trivial000	0.8	−2.9, 4.7	Trivial
Baseline in exercise group	−10.3	−17.6, −2.4	Small↓**	0.8	−1.3, 3.0	Trivial000	−2.2	−5.9, 1.8	Small↓*
30 h of exercise duration	−0.8	−7.8, 6.8	Trivial	−1.3	−2.8, 0.2	Trivial0000	−3.6	−6.0, −1.2	Small↓**
Diet in control group	−1.9	−11.1, 8.2	Trivial	−5.6	−8.4, −2.7	Small↓**	−7.5	−10.7, −4.3	Moderate↓***
Diet in exercise group	−1.4	−10.0, 8.0	Trivial	−2.9	−4.6, −1.2	Trivial00	−1.0	−4.3, 2.5	Trivial00

^aEvaluated at mean baseline (VO_2peak = 24 mL.kg.min^-1, BMI = 31 kg.m², waist circumference = 97 cm), training time = 30 h, and no dietary co-intervention.

^bModifying effect of baseline is evaluated per 70% difference in baseline value.

^cModifying effect of baseline is evaluated per 40% difference in baseline value.

^dModifying effect of baseline is evaluated per 25% difference in baseline value.

90% CL 90% compatibility limits, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.

Effects are shown with their observed magnitudes, determined by standardisation. Clear effects are show with the probability of either a true substantial change (^*possibly, ^**likely, ^***very likely, ^****most likely) and/or a true trivial change (⁰possibly, ⁰⁰likely, ⁰⁰⁰very likely, ⁰⁰⁰⁰most likely). Magnitudes in bold are clear with 99% compatibility intervals.