TABLE 1.

Means (and standard deviations) or proportions for all variables used in analysis by culture and gender, MIDUS (2004–2006) and MIDJA (2008).

	MIDJA (Japan)		MIDUS (the United States)
	Men (n = 505)	Women (n = 522)	Men (n = 1,802)	Women (n = 2,239)
Smoking status
Never smoked	0.28	0.69	0.46	0.55
Former smokers	0.33	0.14	0.41	0.29
Current smokers	0.39	0.17	0.13	0.16
Personality traits
Conscientiousness	2.62 (0.57)	2.59 (0.52)	3.35 (0.46)	3.42 (0.46)
Openness	2.26 (0.62)	2.11 (0.59)	2.93 (0.52)	2.88 (0.55)
Neuroticism	2.16 (0.55)	2.06 (0.55)	1.99 (0.61)	2.13 (0.64)
Extraversion	2.39 (0.67)	2.46 (0.69)	3.06 (0.57)	3.15 (0.57)
Agreeableness	2.63 (0.63)	2.64 (0.63)	3.29 (0.52)	3.58 (0.44)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age	54.69 (14.41)	54.04 (13.86)	56.53 (12.22)	56.00 (12.51)
Race/ethnicity white = 1)	–	–	0.95	0.93
Marital status (currently married = 1)	0.73	0.66	0.79	0.65
Education
Less than high school	0.14	0.12	0.06	0.06
High school	0.25	0.35	0.23	0.30
Some college	0.15	0.35	0.26	0.31
BA or higher	0.46	0.18	0.45	0.33