TABLE 2.
Summary of multinomial logistic regression predicting smoking status, by culture and gender.a
| Japang |
The United States |
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| Model 1a: Men (n = 505) |
Model 1b: Women (n = 522) |
Model 2a: Men (n = 1,802) |
Model 2b: Women (n = 2,239) |
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| Former smokers B (SE) | Current smokers B (SE) | Former smokers B (SE) | Current smokers B (SE) | Former smokers B (SE) | Current smokers B (SE) | Former smokers B (SE) | Current smokers B (SE) | |
| Personalityb | ||||||||
| Conscientiousness | 0.07 (0.15) | −0.16(0.15) | −0.44(0.18)* | −0.20(0.17) | −0.12(0.06)* | −0.24(0.08)** | −0.11(0.06)* | −0.12(0.07)# |
| Openness | −0.26(0.19) | −0.27(0.18) | −0.07(0.21) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.21(0.07)** | 0.31(0.10)** | 0.23(0.06)*** | 0.20(0.08)* |
| Neuroticism | 0.32(0.13)* | 0.29(0.13)* | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.24(0.14)# | 0.14(0.06)* | −0.004(0.08) | 0.14(0.05)** | 0.27(0.07)*** |
| Extraversion | 0.33(0.19)# | 0.63(0.18)*** | 64(0.23)** | 0.54(0.19)** | −0.15(0.07)* | −0.11(0.10) | −0.02(0.06) | −0.11(0.08) |
| Agreeableness | 0.12 (0.20) | 0.02 (0.20) | −0.19(0.22) | −0.38(0.20)# | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.16(0.09)# |
| Educationc | ||||||||
| High school | −0.40(0.43) | 0.10 (0.42) | 0.28 (0.60) | −0.29(0.45) | −0.36(0.28) | −0.36(0.34) | −0.03(0.23) | −0.63(0.24)* |
| Some college | −0.25(0.50) | −0.49(0.48) | 0.33 (0.62) | −0.42(0.47) | −0.60(0.27)* | −0.91(0.34)** | −0.05(0.23) | −0.78(0.25)** |
| BA or higher | −0.55(0.40) | −0.64(0.41) | −0.38(0.69) | −10.36(0.55)* | −1.33(0.27)*** | −2.15(0.34)*** | −0.42(0.24)# | −2.09(0.28)*** |
| Age | 0.02(0.01)* | −0.02(0.01)* | −0.02(0.01) | −0.04(0.01)*** | 0.05(0.005)*** | −0.02(0.01)* | 0.01(0.004) | −0.04(0.01)*** |
| White | − − | − − | − − | − − | 0.35 (0.26) | 0.22 (0.35) | 0.48(0.21)* | 0.54(0.26)* |
| Married | 0.91(0.30)** | 0.42 (0.26) | −0.16(0.30) | −0.38(0.27) | 0.02 (0.14) | −0.38(0.18)* | −0.16(0.11) | −0.88(0.13)*** |
aThe models investigate whether those who used to smoke regularly and those who currently smoke regularly differ from those who never smoked regularly (reference group). bAll personality traits are standardized at mean (SD = 1.0). cMiddle school or lower is the reference group for education. #p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.