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. 2020 Jul 7;11:1412. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01412

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Copyright © 2020 Dacoba, Anfray, Mainini, Allavena, Alonso, Torres Andón and Crecente-Campo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of the in vitro effects of the poly(I:C) ENCPs developed in this study. (A) Upon interaction with macrophages, poly(I:C) nanocomplexes are taken up. (B) This process allows poly(I:C) to reach its target receptor TLR3, found in the endosomes. It is expected that this interaction activates the TLR3 and the TRIF pathway, stimulating the upregulation of type I IFN genes. (C) The expression of M2 (CD206 and CD163) surface markers was slightly decreased, while M1 (CD80 and MHC II) markers are not substantially modified. Nevertheless, (D) CXCL10 and CCL5 chemokines, involved in the attraction of CD8 T cells to the tumor microenvironment, are secreted. (E) The direct cytotoxicity of macrophages toward cancer cells is also enhanced. Images were reproduced from Servier Medical Art under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0.