Supplementary Fig. 3.

(A) BHK, (B) Vero, (C) NIH3T3, and (D) HaCaT cells were pre-treated with Mel for 12 h before H₂O₂ treatment, and cell viability was evaluated 12 h post-treatment in BHK (A) and Vero (B) cells or 24 h post-treatment in NIH3T3 (C) and HaCaT (D) cells (left panel). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated at 2 h post-treatment in BHK (A) and Vero (B) cells or 4 h post-treatment in NIH3T3 (C) and HaCaT (D) cells (right panel). The data in each bar graph are presented as the means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 relative to control. ^#P < 0.05, and ^##P < 0.01 compared with H₂O₂ treated cells.