Table 1.
Summary of antiviral effects by trehalose.
| Virus | Main findings/observations | Effective dose | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Trehalose post-treatment reduced HIV-1 in PBMCs from healthy donor Trehalose ex vivo treatment reduced HIV-1 in HIV patient PBMCs |
100 mM | (32) |
| Herpes cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Trehalose altered intra-MVB virion morphology Trehalose did not change viral DNA synthesis Trehalose increased lysosomes Trehalose disrupted Rab11, altered virus trafficking |
50, 100 mM | (33) |
| Herpes cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Trehalose increased autophagosome in HCMV infected cells Trehalose inhibits HCMV gene expression and virus production in HFFs, HAECs and in neuronal culture |
50, 100 mM | (34) |
| Herpes cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Pre- and post-treatment of trehalose reduced anti-HCMV infected cells | 50, 100 mM | (35) |
| Human rhinovirus (HRV) | Trehalose increase LC3-II in HRV infected human primary airway epithelial cells Trehalose reduced IFNi-1 mRNA, and promoted HRV replication |
100 mM | (36) |
| West Nile virus (WNV) | Viral titer was not changed in vitro at low dose trehalose | 10 mM | (37) |
| Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) | Pre- and post-treatment of trehalose reduced anti-VZV in infected cells | 100 mM | (35) |