Table 2.
Factors influencing antimicrobial activity of AMP.
| In vitro | Ex vivo | In vivo |
|---|---|---|
| pH and ionic strength | Biological matrices (e.g., blood) | Animal models of infection |
| Temperature | Mammalian cells | Pharmacokinetics |
| Medium type/composition | Intracellular pathogens | Pharmacodynamics |
| Nutrient concentrations | Air:Liquid or Solid:liquid interface | Metabolic interactions |
| Buffer | Infection models | Polypharmacy (drug- drug interactions) |
| Bicarbonate | Formulation and delivery | |
| Metal ions | Polymicrobial infections | |
| Salt (NaCl) | ||
| Polysorbate-80 | ||
| Synergy/Antagonism with other antimicrobials | ||
| Inoculum size | ||
| Growth Phase (e.g., biofilms, persisters, spores, small colony variants, and other phenotypic variants) | ||
| Charge effects | ||
| Solubility | ||
| Laboratory materials | ||
| Proteolysis | ||
| Biological macromolecules (e.g., protein, DNA) | ||
| Oxygen (hyper-, norm- and hypoxia) | ||
| Mono/Polymicrobial interactions |
In the context of this manuscript, ex vivo refers to experiment parameters that are not in a living host organism (out of the living), but are simulating in vivo conditions. In vivo refers to experiments conducted in/on a living host organism.