. 2020 Jul 7;14:531. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00531

TABLE 3.

Influence of day–night variation and sex on the behavioral traits.

Trait	Sex-collapsed data					Sex-separated data						Sex effect
	Time	Population means		Day–night effect		Sex	Time	Population means		Day–night effect
		Mean ± SD	n	p	D			Mean ± SD	n	p	D	p-value	f
Feeding (g)	Day	1.00.78	649	3.5E-188	1.42	Female	Day	1.020.76	329	1.5E-87	1.37	0.027	0.09
							Night	2.731.18
	Night	2.831.24				Male	Day	1.000.80	320	2.0E-101	1.49
							Night	2.931.30
Drinking (ml)	Day	1.00.83	648	9.9E-196	1.31	Female	Day	1.040.84	325	1.8E-93	1.30	0.95	–
							Night	2.991.52
	Night	3.021.55				Male	Day	0.930.81	323	9.1E-104	1.33
							Night	3.051.58
Fine	Day	14.414.69	666	5.4E-239	1.57	Female	Day	14.874.97	333	1.2E-108	1.61	0.053	–
movements							Night	26.616.88
(subsequent	Night	26.056.93				Male	Day	13.964.36	333	3.4E-97	1.53
beam breaks)							Night	25.486.95
Ambulatory	Day	23.5311.71	665	3.9E-205	1.29	Female	Day	25.0812.95	333	1.2E-108	1.35	4.9E-7	0.21
movements							Night	53.5622.96
(consecutive	Night	50.0721.86				Male	Day	21.9710.11	332	3.4E-97	1.25
beam breaks)							Night	46.5720.13
Rearing	Day	3.102.68	652	2.8E-172	1.26	Female	Day	3.493.12	327	2.6E-85	1.29	1.3E-10	0.27
(Z-axis beam							Night	8.994.51
breaks)	Night	8.274.29				Male	Day	2.702.08	325	1.1E-89	1.25
							Night	7.543.94
RER (V CO₂/	Day	0.800.08	663	4.1E-180	1.45	Female	Day	0.800.08	334	1.7E-87	1.42	0.45	–
V O₂)							Night	0.890.08
	Night	0.880.08				Male	Day	0.790.08	329	3.0E-94	1.48
							Night	0.880.08
Energy	Day	0.400.02	658	3.5E-209	1.65	Female	Day	0.400.003	332	5.1E-100	1.65	0.13	–
expenditure							Night	0.470.004
(kcal/h)*	Night	0.470.02				Male	Day	0.390.003	326	2.3E-110	1.66
							Night	0.470.004
Cage	Day	21.870.56	671	8.2E-43	0.54	Female	Day	21.920.53	337	2.6E-20	0.49	0.00029	0.15
temperature							Night	21.850.51
(°C)	Night	21.790.53				Male	Day	21.820.58	334	2.9E-24	0.59
							Nnight	21.730.55
Body weight (g)						Female		23.636.94	337			2.2E-101	1.06
						Male		28.257.06	334

Day–night variation on the behavioral traits are given as diurnal and nocturnal population means for pooled sexes (left columns) and separate sexes (middle columns) across 30 strains. The comparisons follow RM-ANCOVA (as in Table 2). The effect sizes for repeated measures are reported as Cohen’s D [very small D ≥ 0.01; small D ≥ 0.2; medium D ≥ 0.5; large D ≥ 0.8; very large D ≥ 1.2 (Sawilowsky, 2009)] and for sex as f as calculated from the respective partial Eta squared (large effects > 0.4, medium effects > 0.25, and small effects > 0.1). “n,” sample size; “p,” p-value; “D,” effect size; outlier analysis was performed for each strain and sex. Body weight was analyzed using univariate ANOVA. *EE was modeled by ANCOVA with bodyweight and age as covariates and the estimated marginal means are displayed.