Table 1.

Mitochondria-targeted approaches in renal IRI.

Experimental model	Species	Compound/approach	Function	Findings
Unilateral IR, 30 min clamping	Rat	Fasting for 3 days before IRI	Fasting promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK pathway	Decrease kidney damage, oxidative stress, and ameliorates mitochondrial function and has long-term beneficial effects (89).
Bilateral IR, 45 min clamping	mouse	MitoQ 4 mg/kg injected into the tail vein 15 min before ischemia	Mitochondria- targeted antioxidants	Decreases oxidative damage and improves renal function (90).
Unilateral IR, 40 min clamping	Rat	SkQR1 100 nmol/kg injected ip 3 h before IR, 1 h after IR, and subsequent injections at 13, 25, and 37 h; for a total of 500 nmol/kg.	Mitochondria- targeted antioxidants	Decreases oxidative damage and improves renal function (91).
Bilateral IR, 30–45 min clamping	rat	SS-31 (0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg) injected 30 min before IR, at the onset of reperfusion and 2 h later.	Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants	Decreases mitochondrial swelling, improves mitochondrial pathology and protect cristae membranes. Protects rats from kidney dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis (92, 93).
Unilateral IR, 15 min clamping	rat	Bolus injection of glycine before induction of renal IR but also a diet containing 5% glycine postoperatively for 2 weeks.	Amino acid with an important role in metabolic regulation and anti-oxidative reactions.	Improved renal function, decreased tubular injury, and oxidative stress. Prevents initial damage and chronic hypoxia (94).
Unilateral IR, 60 min clamping	Rat	Resveratrol (0.23 μg/kg body weight) via intragastrical administration (1.5 mL) 30 min before IR	Antioxidant	Decreased renal dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Ameliorated renal histologic damage (95).