Table 1.
Childhood adversities by exposure status and out-of-home care (OHC) status.
| Exposed N = 615 % (n) |
Controls N = 1787 % (n) |
p-value | Exposed, no OHC N = 222 % (n) |
Exposed, OHC N = 393 % (n) |
Controls, no OHC N = 1640 % (n) |
Controls, OHC N = 147 % (n) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender and health in infancy | ||||||||
| Male | 49.3 (303) | 51.7 (923) | 0.308 | 47.3 (105) | 50.4 (198) | 51.4 (843) | 54.4 (80) | 0.558 |
| Exposed to daily smoking | 75.3 (463) | 18.9 (337) | <0.001 | 62.6 (139) | 82.4 (324) | 16.8 (275) | 42.2 (62) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age <37 weeks |
9.1 (55) | 9.1 (162) | 0.985 | 8.7 (19) | 9.3 (36) | 9.0 (147) | 10.3 (15) | 0.956 |
| Birth weight <2500 g | 12.5 (77) | 6.7 (120) | <0.001 | 10.8 (24) | 13.5 (53) | 6.7 (109) | 7.5 (11) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight < median (3450g) | 65.0 (400) | 44.5 (793) | <0.001 | 59.5 (132) | 68.2 (268) | 43.7 (716) | 52.4 (77) | <0.001 |
| Birth height < median (50 cm) | 60.0 (361) | 39.4 (694) | <0.001 | 54.6 (118) | 63.0 (243) | 38.7 (627) | 46.5 (67) | <0.001 |
| Intensive care by the age of 7 days of life | 20.7 (127) | 9.8 (176) | <0.001 | 16.7 (37) | 22.9 (90) | 9.8 (161) | 10.2 (15) | <0.001 |
| FASD | 7.5 (46) | 2.7 (6) | 10.2 (40) | 0.001 | ||||
| Any congenital anomaly including FASD | 15.6 (96) | 9.2 (164) | <0.001 | 12.2 (27) | 17.6 (69) | 9.0 (148) | 10.9 (16) | <0.001 |
| NAS | 8.1 (50) | 5.4 (12) | 9.7 (38) | 0.063 | ||||
| Mother's life-situation at delivery | ||||||||
| Mother's age <25 years |
37.7 (232) | 37.0 (661) | 0.745 | 43.2 (96) | 34.6 (136) | 34.9 (572) | 60.5 (89) | <0.001 |
| Unmarried | 79.5 (485) | 39.9 (703) | <0.001 | 80.7 (176) | 78.8 (309) | 37.4 (605) | 67.6 (98) | <0.001 |
| Lower socioeconomic status (manual worker, student, pensioner, other) | 65.7 (364) | 42.7 (719) | <0.001 | 63.1 (128) | 67.2 (236) | 40.8 (635) | 65.1 (84) | <0.001 |
| Maternal risk factors | ||||||||
| Mother died | ||||||||
| No | 88.5 (544) | 99.3 (1774) | <0.001 | 95.5 (212) | 84.5 (332) | 99.3 (1629) | 98.6 (145) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 11.5 (71) | 0.7 (13) | 4.5 (10) | 15.5 (61) | 0.7 (11) | 1.4 (2) | ||
| Child's age at mother's death | ||||||||
| <7 years | 31.0 (22) | 0.0 (0) | 0.019 | 40.0 (4) | 29.5 (18) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.114 |
| ≥7 years | 69.0 (49) | 100.0 (13) | 60.0 (6) | 70.5 (43) | 100.0 (11) | 100.0 (2) | ||
| Median | 8.0 | 13.0 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 11.0 | 18.0 | ||
| Mother's diagnosed mental or behavioral disorder (substance misuse exl.) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 48.3 (297) | 81.8 (1462) | 55.4 (123) | 44.3 (174) | 84.7 (1389) | 49.7 (73) | ||
| Yes | 51.7 (318) | 18.2 (325) | 44.6 (99) | 55.7 (219) | 15.3 (251) | 50.3 (74) | ||
| Mother's first diagnosed mental or behavioral disorder (substance misuse exl.) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Before delivery | 45.9 (146) | 12.9 (42) | 43.4 (43) | 47.0 (103) | 10.8 (27) | 20.3 (15) | ||
| After delivery | 54.1 (172) | 87.1 (283) | 56.6 (56) | 53.0 (116) | 89.2 (224) | 79.7 (59) | ||
| Median | 0.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | ||
| Child's age at mother's first diagnosed mental or behavioral disorder (substance misuse exl.) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <7 years | 77.0 (245) | 48.0 (156) | 69.7 (69) | 80.4 (176) | 45.4 (114) | 56.8 (42) | ||
| ≥7 years | 23.0 (73) | 52.0 (169) | 30.3 (30) | 19.6 (43) | 54.6 (137) | 43.2 (32) | ||
| Diagnosed substance misuse problem (all substance misuse related diagnoses) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 31.2 (192) | 94.7 (1693) | 47.3 (105) | 22.1 (87) | 96.8 (1588) | 71.4 (105) | ||
| Yes | 68.8 (423) | 5.3 (94) | 52.7 (117) | 77.9 (306) | 3.2 (52) | 28.6 (42) | ||
| Child's age at mother's first diagnosed substance misuse disorder (as a primary diagnosis) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <7 years | 79.5 (260) | 40.3 (25) | 77.1 (54) | 80.2 (206) | 27.3 (9) | 55.2 (16) | ||
| ≥7 years | 20.5 (67) | 59.7 (37) | 22.9 (16) | 19.8 (51) | 72.7 (24) | 44.8 (13) | ||
| Median | −0.61 | 9.0 | −0.83 | −0.37 | 13.3 | 4.04 | ||
| Mother's criminal record | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 88.9 (547) | 99.2 (1772) | 95.5 (212) | 85.2 (335) | 99.4 (1630) | 96.6 (142) | ||
| Yes | 11.1 (68) | 0.8 (15) | 4.5 (10) | 14.8 (58) | 0.6 (10) | 3.4 (5) | ||
| Mother's first criminal record | 0.143 | 0.383 | ||||||
| Before the delivery | 76.5 (52) | 93.3 (14) | 80.0 (8) | 75.9 (44) | 100.0 (10) | 80.0 (4) | ||
| After the delivery | 23.5 (16) | 6.7 (1) | 20.0 (2) | 24.1 (14) | 0.0 (0) | 20.0 (1) | ||
| Median | −8.0 | −11.0 | −7.0 | −8.0 | −11.0 | −13.0 | ||
| Received social assistance Long-term social assistance |
72.8 (448) | 15.0 (268) | <0.001 | 50.0 (111) | 85.8 (337) | 11.2 (183) | 57.8 (85) | <0.001 |
| Sum of maternal risk factors | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 8.1 (50) | 72.2 (1291) | 18.9 (42) | 2.0 (8) | 76.6 (1256) | 23.8 (35) | ||
| 1 | 20.5 (126) | 18.7 (334) | 30.2 (67) | 15.0 (59) | 17.7 (290) | 29.9 (44) | ||
| 2 | 28.5 (175) | 6.1 (109) | 27.9 (62) | 28.8 (113) | 4.1 (68) | 27.9 (41) | ||
| 3-5 risks | 42.9 (264) | 3.0 (53) | 23.0 (51) | 54.2 (213) | 1.6 (26) | 18.4 (27) | ||