Table 2.

Advantages and limitations of genome-engineered brain tumor models from different platforms

Platforms	Authors	Advantages	Limitations
Human stem cells	Duan et al.41) Huang et al.43) Terada et al.45) Koga et al.47)	Feasibility in experimental standardization in isogenic background Enabling human tumor biology investigation	Restrictions in the assessment of immune environment
Human cerebral organoids	Ogawa et al.57) Huang et al.43)	Enabling limited use of animals. Feasibility in the assessment of tumor–tumor microenvironment interactions in three-dimensional context in vitro	Restrictions in the assessment of immune environment Lack of physiological backgrounds e.g., blood vessels
Mouse embryonic brains	Zuckermann et al.61) Yu et al.63)	Spontaneous tumor formation in syngeneic backgrounds enabling assessment of immune interactions	Restrictions in the interpretation of human relevance. Technical hurdles of in utero electroporation.