Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of spatial QRS|T angle as classified by Whang et al. stratified by sex
| Men (N = 2,904) | Women (n = 3,345) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spatial QRS|T | Spatial QRS|T | |||||||
| Abnormal (N = 186) | Borderline (N = 639) | Normal (N = 2,079) | p‐Value | Abnormal (N = 186) | Borderline (N = 639) | Normal (N = 2,079) | p‐Value | |
| Racea | ||||||||
| White | 124 (85.8) | 442 (86.3) | 1,533 (87.8) | 163 (86.5) | 513 (88.1) | 1,770 (87.2) | ||
| Black | 59 (13.7) | 176 (10.8) | 475 ( 8.2) | 71 (13.0) | 163 ( 8.9) | 568 ( 8.9) | ||
| Other | 3 ( 0.5) | 21 ( 2.9) | 71 ( 4.0) | .0004 | 1 ( 0.5) | 14 ( 3.0) | 82 ( 3.9) | .0014 |
| Smoking a | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 53 (33.7) | 198 (30.4) | 582 (24.5) | 55 (28.0) | 131 (20.2) | 418 (18.7) | ||
| Former smoker | 80 (42.7) | 269 (43.8) | 889 (45.3) | 40 (23.1) | 143 (25.9) | 546 (25.8) | ||
| Nonsmoker | 53 (23.6) | 172 (25.8) | 608 (30.1) | .1728 | 140 (48.93) | 416 (53.8) | 1,456 (55.5) | .3049 |
| Metabolic syndromea | ||||||||
| Yes | 92 (56.6) | 266 (36.8) | 719 (34.5) | 151 (59.5) | 343 (44.5) | 987 (32.9) | ||
| No | 94 (43.4) | 373 (63.2) | 1,360 (65.5) | .0200 | 84 (40.5) | 347 (55.5) | 1,433 (67.2) | <.0001 |
| Number metabolic syndrome components presenta | ||||||||
| 0 | 12 ( 7.7) | 73 (16.9) | 327 (16.9) | 17 ( 9.1) | 79 (15.9) | 349 (21.3) | ||
| 1 | 52 (19.5) | 170 (26.5) | 590 (27.6) | 40 (19.7) | 141 (22.5) | 587 (26.6) | ||
| 2 | 30 (16.2) | 130 (19.8) | 443 (21.1) | 27 (11.8) | 127 (17.1) | 497 (19.3) | ||
| 3 | 50 (28.3) | 151 (20.1) | 435 (19.9) | 79 (32.0) | 181 (23.4) | 581 (19.7) | ||
| 4 | 27 (18.6) | 90 (12.5) | 220 (10.4) | 49 (18.8) | 115 (15.8) | 293 ( 9.5) | ||
| 5 | 15 ( 9.7) | 25 ( 4.2) | 64 ( 4.2) | .0042b | 23 ( 8.7) | 47 ( 5.4) | 113 ( 3.7) | <.0001b |
| Elevated blood pressurea, c | ||||||||
| Yes | 155 (76.2) | 448 (61.1) | 1,211 (54.0) | 188 (74.0) | 463 (59.3) | 1,398 (49.7) | ||
| No | 31 (23.8) | 191 (38.9) | 868 (46.0) | .0002 | 47 (26.0) | 227 (40.7) | 1,022 (50.3) | <.0001 |
| Impaired fasting blood glucosea, d, f | ||||||||
| Yes | 81 (51.9) | 247 (34.2) | 700 (29.6) | 95 (33.7) | 229 (28.6) | 676 (21.0) | ||
| No | 105 (48.1) | 392 (65.8) | 1,379 (70.4) | .0038 | 140 (66.3) | 461 (71.4) | 1,743 (79.0) | .0078 |
| Decreased High‐density lipoprotein cholesterola, e, f | ||||||||
| Yes | 68 (44.4) | 220 (38.5) | 708 (37.1) | 107 (51.0) | 287 (41.2) | 908 (34.9) | ||
| No | 113 (55.6) | 409 (61.5) | 1,330 (62.9) | .5334 | 120 (49.0) | 387 (58.8) | 1,476 (65.1) | .0008 |
| Elevated triglyceridesa, f, g | ||||||||
| Yes | 56 (43.5) | 205 (38.1) | 647 (42.7) | 84 (38.4) | 204 (39.4) | 604 (29.0) | ||
| No | 93 (56.5) | 291 (61.9) | 999 (57.3) | .3926 | 103 (61.6) | 338 (60.6) | 1,312 (71.0) | .0061 |
| Abdominal obesitya, f, h | ||||||||
| Yes | 85 (52.5) | 248 (33.8) | 715 (37.1) | 168 (70.1) | 450 (57.8) | 1,475 (52.6) | ||
| No | 98 (47.5) | 382 (66.2) | 1,334 (62.9) | .022 | 61 (29.9) | 231 (42.2) | 898 (47.4) | .0006 |
| Agei | 59.61 (1.56) | 55.48 (0.81) | 54.42 (0.39) | .0053 | 61.03 (1.02) | 57.15 (1.01) | 55.74 (0.41) | <.0001 |
| Heart ratei | 69.93 (1.29) | 67.04 (0.57) | 66.25 (0.41) | .0335 | 70.71 (1.7) | 70.86 (0.6) | 68.62 (0.3) | .0037 |
| PR Interval, mseci | 175.76 (2.52) | 165.21 (2.34) | 164.15 (1.08) | .0003 | 159.95 (2.55) | 159.82 (1.25) | 159.06 (0.86) | .8910 |
| QRS Interval, mseci | 100.94 (0.94) | 99.47 (0.53) | 99.45 (0.53) | .2971 | 95.75 (0.91) | 93.80 (0.64) | 92.80 (0.54) | .0066 |
| QTc Interval (Fridericia), mseci, j | 437.16 (13.53) | 418.78 (1.85) | 414.60 (0.64) | .0313 | 441.51 (6.76) | 436.38 (4.99) | 427.86 (1.33) | .0341 |
| QTc Interval (Bazett), mseci, j | 447.37 (14.00) | 425.96 (2.11) | 420.60 (0.82)l | .0109 | 453.17 (8.53) | 447.92 (5.36) | 436.79 (1.44) | .0140 |
| QRS Amplitude, μVi | 754.32 (26.18) | 834.99 (15.62) | 919.05 (10.71) | <.0001 | 801.28 (28.07) | 853.63 (15.38) | 941.49 (9.92) | <.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hgi | 137.58 (2.05) | 131.93 (1.09) | 127.27 (0.61) | <.0001 | 136.24 (1.72) | 130.98 (1.27) | 125.27 (0.46) | <.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hgi | 79.89 (1.18) | 79.78 (0.61) | 78.12 (0.31) | .0130 | 75.56 (1.04) | 75.54 (0.50) | 73.81 (0.26) | .0024 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dli | 122.51 (4.66) | 105.43 (1.81) | 102.81 (0.68) | .0003 | 115.22 (3.97) | 109.90 (2.74) | 99.16 (0.81) | <.0001 |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dli | 45. 90 (2.19) | 45.87 (0.99) | 45.44 (0.56) | .8820 | 53.19 (1.38) | 55.71 (0.94) | 56.32 (0.62) | .0602 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dli | 217.95 (25.79) | 152.20 (5.48) | 162.45 (5.53) | .0427 | 178.67 (15.71) | 165.43 (9.94) | 137.64 (5.38) | .0023 |
| Waist circumference, cmi | 101.46 (1.39) | 97.88 (0.68) | 99.10 (0.39) | .0786 | 95.79 (1.30) | 92.21 (0.90) | 96.16 (0.47) | .0016 |
a
n (%).
b
p‐trend is provided from linear model.
c
Participants who had systolic blood pressure >130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure >85 mm Hg blood pressure, and/or self‐reported a diagnosis of hypertension or use of antihypertensive medications.
d
Participants who had a fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dl and/or self‐reported a diagnosis of diabetes or use of medication for diabetes.
e
High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) <40 mg/dl for males and HDL <50 mg/dl for females.
f
Numbers may not add to total due to missing values.
g
Elevated triglycerides >150 mg/dl.
h
Waist circumferences >102 cm for males or >88 cm for females.
i
Mean (SE).
j
Corrected QT interval for heart rate using Fridericia's or Bazett's formula.